关键词: 增材制造, 高精度打印, 骨软骨组织工程, 结构构筑, 功能性修饰

Abstract: Osteochondral defects are prevalent and complex joint disorders that significantly impair mobility and quality of life. Due to the limited self-healing capacity of cartilage, developing scaffolds with precise microarchitecture, favorable mechanical properties, and high bioactivity has become a critical focus in tissue engineering. However, conventional fabrication techniques often fail to simultaneously meet these diverse requirements, thereby limiting their clinical effectiveness and translational potential. Melt electrowriting (MEW), a high-resolution additive manufacturing technology, enables the precise construction of micro/nanoscale fibrous architectures with excellent structural fidelity and reproducibility. Notably, MEW scaffolds can be tailored to incorporate gradient structures, anisotropic mechanical properties, and spatially controlled bioactive cues, thus offering promising solutions for the regenerative repair of osteochondral defects. This review outlines the recent advances in MEW-based scaffolds for osteochondral tissue engineering. Firstly, it discusses the printability of commonly used polymers and their corresponding processing parameters, elaborating on how these factors synergistically influence scaffold morphology, porosity, and mechanical performance, with particular emphasis on the importance of collaborative optimization of materials and processing conditions. Secondly, it introduces key structural design strategies, including gradient, hierarchical, and biomimetic architectures, which are specifically tailored to guide cell behavior and mimic the native osteochondral interface. Through specific research cases, the collaborative regulatory effect of microstructural design and mechanical properties on cellular adhesion, proliferation, and lineage-specific differentiation is systematically demonstrated. Thirdly, it explores integrated functional modification strategies such as surface modification, bioactive molecule incorporation, hydrogel hybridization, and multi-material printing, all of which are aimed at enhancing cellular responses and promoting tissue integration. Finally, this review addresses the current challenges facing MEW technology, including material limitations (e.g., narrow range of processable polymers), scalability of fabrication, and inconsistent in vivo long-term performance. It also foresees the prospects of its integration with interdisciplinary fields such as smart responsive materials, bioelectronics, and personalized medicine, which will further drive the development of next-generation smart scaffolds with self-adaptive and multifunctional characteristics. To sum up, MEW presents a versatile and robust platform for developing next-generation functional scaffolds, holding great promise for advancing clinical osteochondral regeneration.

Key words: additive manufacturing, high-precision printing, osteochondral tissue engineering, structural construction, functional modification