间位芳纶着色技术研究进展

doi:10.19398/j.att.202105023

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

间位芳纶是一种新型高科技合成纤维,因具有极好的耐热性、阻燃性和稳定性而被广泛应用于阻燃服、军事、航空航天等领域。然而芳纶高分子链间作用力大、纤维结晶度高、纤维表面化学惰性强,使染料分子难以进入纤维内部或与纤维结合,导致芳纶染色性较差。目前,主要从两方面改善芳纶染色难题:通过提高温度、加入载体或改用非水染色介质等手段开发新型染色工艺提升染料上染率;对芳纶进行改性以提升芳纶可染性。文章对间位芳纶的着色技术现状进行综述,简要介绍了各类染色方法的基本原理及研究进展,重点阐述了芳纶结构与染色性能的关系,并总结了各染色方法所面对的挑战及应用前景。

关键词: 间位芳纶, 纤维改性, 着色方法, 机理, 展望

Abstract:

Meta-aramid is a new-type high-tech synthetic fiber widely used in flame-retardant clothing, military, aerospace and other fields due to its superior heat resistance, flame retardance and stability. However, it is hard for dye molecules to enter the fiber or combine with the fiber because of strong interaction between the aramid polymer chains, high fiber crystallinity, and strong chemical inertness on the fiber surface, resulting in poor property of aramid dyeing. Currently, aramid dyeing issues can be addressed by two means: develop new-type dyeing processes to improve the dye-uptake by increasing temperature, adding a carrier or using non-aqueous dyeing media instead; improve the dyeability through aramid modification. This paper reviews the current status of meta-aramid coloring technology, briefly introduces the fundamental principles and research progress of a variety of dyeing methods, specifically elaborates on the relationship between aramid structure and dyeing properties, and summarizes the challenges and application prospects of these dyeing approaches.

Key words: meta-aramid, fiber modification, coloring method, mechanism, prospect

中图分类号:

TS193.5

宋吉贤, 江华, 崔志华, 陈维国. 间位芳纶着色技术研究进展[J]. 现代纺织技术, 2022, 30(2): 9-17.

SONG Jixian, JIANG Hua, CUI Zhihua, CHEN Weiguo. Research progress of coloring technology for meta-aramid[J]. Advanced Textile Technology, 2022, 30(2): 9-17.

图/表 5

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染色方法	优点	缺点
超高温染色法	工艺简单	能耗高、需耐高温型染料
载体染色法	节能降耗	载体气味大、有毒且难去除
溶剂染色法	废水少	溶剂毒性大、回收难、成本高
超临界CO₂染色法	流程短、节能环保	对设备要求高
离子液体染色法	无毒、无污染	离子液体回收难、损伤纤维

染色方法	优点	缺点
超高温染色法	工艺简单	能耗高、需耐高温型染料
载体染色法	节能降耗	载体气味大、有毒且难去除
溶剂染色法	废水少	溶剂毒性大、回收难、成本高
超临界CO₂染色法	流程短、节能环保	对设备要求高
离子液体染色法	无毒、无污染	离子液体回收难、损伤纤维

染色方法	特性	缺点
共聚改性染/着色	纤维易染色或直接赋予颜色	机械性能可能改变
共混改性染色	操作简易、染色上染率高	机械性能可能改变
原液着色	无需后道染色工序	生产方式不灵活、不易换色
湿态纤维染色	纤维尚未完全干时染色	结晶与取向性质可能改变
高能射线辐照预处理染色	改性操作简易	损伤纤维
等离子体预处理染色	反应温和、不损伤纤维内部结构	时效短、损伤纤维表面
溶剂预处理染色	纤维膨化程度高	试剂难回收、不环保
试剂表面处理染色	增大纤维表面粗糙度	试剂难回收、不环保
接枝改性染色	染料与纤维结合力强	损伤纤维
超声波-微波联合处理染色	染料吸附好、扩散能力强	损伤纤维

染色方法	特性	缺点
共聚改性染/着色	纤维易染色或直接赋予颜色	机械性能可能改变
共混改性染色	操作简易、染色上染率高	机械性能可能改变
原液着色	无需后道染色工序	生产方式不灵活、不易换色
湿态纤维染色	纤维尚未完全干时染色	结晶与取向性质可能改变
高能射线辐照预处理染色	改性操作简易	损伤纤维
等离子体预处理染色	反应温和、不损伤纤维内部结构	时效短、损伤纤维表面
溶剂预处理染色	纤维膨化程度高	试剂难回收、不环保
试剂表面处理染色	增大纤维表面粗糙度	试剂难回收、不环保
接枝改性染色	染料与纤维结合力强	损伤纤维
超声波-微波联合处理染色	染料吸附好、扩散能力强	损伤纤维