关键词: 摩擦纳米发电机, 纺织, 绒类材料, 能量收集, 自供电传感

Abstract: Based on the principles of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can convert tiny amounts of mechanical energy into electrical energy. When integrated with textiles, they can harvest the energy generated by human motion and feed it back to the human body, enabling the realization of self-powered intelligent wearable devices with high feasibility. However, TENGs suffer from the drawbacks of high voltage and low current in their output, which limits their practical applications. Therefore, enhancing their output performance is essential. For textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators, constructing a pile-like surface structure to increase the effective contact area represents an effective strategy for improving their output. When textile pile materials are utilized as the triboelectric layers, they can be categorized into natural and artificial types based on their acquisition methods: animal fur serves as a natural textile pile material, which has been employed by humans early on due to its thermal insulation properties. Using it as a triboelectric layer can not only increase the effective contact area and improve output but also provide cushioning during contact, reducing material wear and extending service life. However, its acquisition is constrained by biological growth cycles and environmental factors, and its microscopic structure is difficult to precisely control. In contrast, pile yarns and pile fabrics are artificial textile pile materials, primarily achieving a pile-like effect through weaving and finishing processes. Compared to natural textile pile materials, they boast a wide range of raw material sources. By utilizing machinery and equipment, not only can industrial-scale mass production be achieved, but the microscopic structure can also be controllably designed by setting specific parameters. During the design process of textile pile-based triboelectric nanogenerators, designers usually enhance the output by regulating the surface charge density and charge transfer rate of the textile pile materials. The former can be achieved by controlling various factors such as fluff density, fluff structure, and external pressure, while the latter is mainly realized by adjusting the operating frequency. Currently, research on textile pile-based triboelectric nanogenerators still faces several challenges, including an incomplete theoretical framework that fails to effectively guide design and production practices, as well as a lack of special structural designs at the spinning stage for fabricating pile yarns. These issues necessitate further in-depth development in the future. Meanwhile, triboelectric nanogenerators boast a wide range of material sources, simple structures, and are environmentally friendly, enabling continuous energy supply and self-powered sensing. Textile pile materials, on the other hand, feature a high specific surface area and structural designability. The textile pile-based triboelectric nanogenerator fully combines the advantages of both. With future integration into multidisciplinary fields, it will demonstrate extensive application potential. This review aims to provide reference for the subsequent design and development of textile pile-based triboelectric nanogenerators.

Key words: triboelectric nanogenerator, textile, pile material, energy harvesting, self-powered sensing