关键词: 纤维基过滤材料, 个体防护装备, 制备技术, 防护服, 呼吸防护装备

Abstract: As a critical barrier safeguarding the health and safety of personnel in complex and hazardous environments, personal protective equipment (PPE) performance directly relates to the users' life safety, playing an irreplaceable role in multiple high-risk fields such as chemical engineering, metallurgy, medical care, and public health emergencies. In the chemical industry, workers are exposed to risks including toxic and harmful gases and splashes of corrosive liquids; in metallurgical scenarios, high temperatures, dust, and metal oxide particles constantly threaten the health of operators; in the medical field, healthcare workers need to resist the invasion of bioaerosols such as bacteria and viruses; during public health emergencies, a large number of frontline personnel rely more on reliable protective equipment to block the transmission of various pathogens. Thanks to their unique structural advantages, fiber-based filter materials have become the core functional material of a new generation of PPE—their high specific surface area can significantly improve the capture probability of tiny particles, high porosity ensures unobstructed gas circulation, low air resistance reduces the breathing burden on users, and excellent filtration efficiency provides a solid guarantee for protective safety. Compared with traditional particle-filled or membrane separation materials, fiber-based filter materials demonstrate significant advantages in performance regulation. Traditional particle-filled materials often suffer from uneven particle dispersion and easy detachment, leading to unstable filtration efficiency. Although membrane separation materials have high filtration precision, they generally have the drawback of high air permeability resistance, which can easily cause discomfort to users during long-term use. In contrast, fiber-based filter materials can achieve the optimization of pore size, distribution, and connectivity by precisely regulating fiber diameter, morphology, and stacking structure, thereby striking an ideal balance between high filtration efficiency and low air permeability resistance. Additionally, the fiber surface possesses abundant active sites, which can be easily modified through physical adsorption, chemical grafting, coating modification, and other methods to introduce specific adsorptive groups or antibacterial components. This enables the materials not only to efficiently capture particulate matter but also effectively adsorb toxic and harmful chemical gases, as well as inhibit the growth and transmission of bioaerosols such as bacteria and viruses, achieving multifunctional composite protection. This paper systematically reviews the preparation methods, structural regulation mechanisms, and application progress of fiber-based filter materials in PPE. It focuses on introducing the key principles and performance regulation approaches of preparation strategies such as melt spinning, wet spinning, electrospinning, surface functionalization, molecular self-assembly, and 3D printing, and summarizes their application achievements and development trends in respiratory protection and protective clothing. Finally, the future development of fiber-based filter materials in the directions of multifunctionalization, degradability, and intelligent protection is prospected, providing reference for the design of efficient, safe, and sustainable materials in the PPE field.

Key words: fiber-based filter materials, personal protective equipment, fabrication technologies, protective clothing, respiratory protective equipment