Abstract: The global textile industry is facing the challenges of resource consumption, environmental pollution and low recycling rate of waste fibers. The research and development of green and sustainable textile materials has become an urgent need. As a natural nanofiber material synthesized by microorganisms, bacterial cellulose has great application potential in the textile field due to its high purity, high crystallinity, excellent biocompatibility and controllable three‑dimensional nanonetwork structure. However, its original form has defects such as insufficient mechanical properties and lack of functional characteristics, which restricts the practical textile application. In recent years, the research on modified bacterial cellulose film materials has become more and more extensive, and its modification mechanism and strategy have gradually become clear, which provides important support for breaking through the performance bottleneck and promoting its innovative application in the textile field. At present, researchers have developed a variety of modification strategies, which are mainly divided into two major technical routes: in‑situ and ex‑situ. Substantial research focuses on in‑situ modification, optimizing intrinsic structure and properties through intervention during synthesis. These studies reveal three primary reinforcement mechanisms: fiber‑scale filling and defect repair, enhanced intermolecular interactions, and fiber assembly and orientation regulation. Conversely, ex‑situ modification research fully exploits the loading and reaction potential of bacterial cellulose networks post‑synthesis. This is achieved primarily through physical impregnation with antimicrobial nanoparticles or conductive polymers, chemical grafting to introduce stable functional groups, or nanomorphological restructuring to transform the material into nanofibers/nanocrystals serving as high‑performance functional carriers. These approaches successfully endow the material with diversified functions such as antimicrobial properties, electrical conductivity and UV protection. The current research has gone beyond simple form imitation and single performance improvement and entered a new stage of multi‑strategy coordination and fine regulation of "structure‑function" correlation. The focus is on the integration of high strength, high toughness and specific functions, overcoming the problem of performance trade‑off and providing innovative possibilities for high‑end medical textiles, smart wearable textiles and other fields. Systematic modification strategies are pivotal to unlocking the textile application potential of bacterial cellulose. In‑situ modification fundamentally optimizes its structure and mechanical properties by regulating the biosynthetic process, while ex‑situ modification leverages its nanoscale network to precisely introduce and expand functionalities. Together these form a complementary technological framework of "strengthening fundamentals" and "expanding capabilities". Future research needs to focus on the core challenges of industrialization, achieving breakthroughs in multifunctional synergistic optimization and long‑term performance stability, developing green low‑cost scalable production processes to reduce environmental impact, and ultimately propelling bacterial cellulose‑based materials from promising laboratory outcomes into large‑scale high‑value commercial textile products.

Key words: bacterial cellulose, modification techniques, textile applications, sustainable development

摘要： 细菌纤维素是由微生物合成的高纯度天然纳米纤维材料,在纺织领域应用中具有独特的潜力。综述了近年来细菌纤维素改性相关的研究进展,首先阐述了其结构特性与纺织应用改性需求,进而梳理了原位改性对其机械性能的增强作用,以及非原位改性通过物理、化学等手段负载功能性物质,赋予其抗菌、导电等多元化功能的相关改性策略,并探讨了细菌纤维素改性的核心挑战与未来研究方向。综述表明,原位与非原位改性构成了细菌纤维素纺织应用性能调控的主要技术体系,未来研究需重点关注多功能协同、性能长效稳定性及绿色规模化生产等研究方向。

关键词: 细菌纤维素, 改性技术, 纺织应用, 可持续发展