Table of Content

01 July 2026, Volume 34 Issue 07

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Progress in the application of ionic liquids in textile printing and dyeing

ZHU Hejin, FENG Futian, ZHANG Zhengyuan, ZHANG Ying, YU Hui

2026, 34(07):  1-12.  DOI: 10.12477/j.att.202511016

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Ionic liquids (ILs), with their adjustable structures, low volatility, strong dissolving capacity, and multifunctionality, serve as key materials driving the green transformation of the textile printing and dyeing industry. This review elaborates on their application progress, mechanisms, and challenges throughout the entire textile processing chain. In the field of green spinning, ILs have replaced the highly polluting viscose process and the costly N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) process, emerging as ideal solvents for regenerated cellulose fibers. The development of novel solvent systems, the introduction of co-solvents, and the optimization of coagulation processes enable the preparation of fibers with excellent mechanical properties while also providing a platform for the one-step fabrication of multifunctional fibers. Computational chemistry and machine learning have accelerated the rational design of efficient ILs solvent systems and the mining of process parameters during the spinning process. During pretreatment, ILs can synergize with physical fields or act as efficient catalysts, achieving energy conservation and fiber protection. For instance, ILs containing extended π-conjugated systems can catalyze the bleaching of cotton fabrics with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) at room temperature and exhibit remarkable effects in wool anti-felting, silk and bast fiber degumming. In dyeing and printing, ILs find diverse applications: as fiber pretreatment agents they enhance dye uptake depth; as dyeing auxiliaries they replace traditional salts and alkalis; and as full-solvent media they enable the construction of water-free dyeing systems. Recently, the cationic modification of acid dyes using ILs has facilitated high-quality direct inkjet printing on unpretreated nylon fabrics. In functional finishing, ILs as novel finishing agents can integrate multiple functions through molecular design. Imidazolium and quaternary ammonium salt-based ILs inherently possess antibacterial properties and can confer efficient and durable antibacterial performance to fabrics when combined with nanomaterials; phosphorus- and boron-containing ILs can act as highly effective flame retardants. Research has advanced towards multifunctional integration, such as endowing cotton fabrics with simultaneous flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and antibacterial properties. In wastewater treatment, hydrophobic ILs serve as efficient extractants for dye removal, while IL-modified adsorbents enhance adsorption capacity and selectivity. In the detection of harmful printing and dyeing chemicals, the use of ILs in sample pretreatment improves detection sensitivity and selectivity. Despite their promising prospects, the large-scale application of ILs still faces challenges including high costs, complex recycling processes, slow research and development, a lack of long-term ecotoxicological data, and compatibility issues with existing equipment. Future research should focus on developing low-cost, low-toxicity ILs, innovating low-energy-consumption recycling technologies, deepening the study of "structure-property" relationships, promoting multifunctional integrated applications, and conducting life cycle assessments. Through interdisciplinary collaboration and industry-academia-research synergy, IL technology holds the potential to lead the textile printing and dyeing industry into a new era.

Research progress on structural bionic design in thermal and moisture management of textiles

JIANG Meng, TANG Hong, LUO Yuxuan

2026, 34(07):  13-24.  DOI: 10.12477/j.att.202511040

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Against the backdrop of global climate warming, frequent extreme high-temperature weather poses severe challenges to regulating human thermal and moisture comfort. Due to their unique advantages in bionic structural design, structure-bionic textiles have been widely used in various fields including clothing, healthcare, wellness, and personal protection. This paper reviews the research progress of structural bionic design in the field of textile thermal and moisture management. It delves into the functional mechanisms of thermal and moisture regulation in flora and fauna in nature and summarizes both domestic and international studies on structural biomimicry in textile thermal management, moisture management, and their synergistic regulation. It systematically examines the research advances in the bionic design and performance optimization of multi-scale structures including fibers, yarns, and fabrics, and conducts a forward-looking discussion on future trends in this field. In the study of thermal management based on thermal regulation mechanisms in flora and fauna such as the scale structure of butterfly wings, the hollow hair structure of polar bears, and the micro-macro hierarchical pore systems of camel hair, research has been categorized on bionic temperature-regulating textiles based on microstructures, multi-level porous structures, and hierarchical pore-size gradient structures. The influencing factors such as the morphological characteristics of bionic materials and heat transfer pathways are analyzed. In the study of moisture management based on moisture regulation mechanisms in flora and fauna such as the structure of spider silk, the leaf structure of mimosa, and the micro-nano dual-roughness structure of lotus leaves, research is categorized on bionic moisture-regulating textiles featuring unidirectional moisture-wicking structures, humidity-responsive structures, and superhydrophobic structures. The factors influencing moisture transfer and its related responses are analyzed. In the study of thermal-moisture coupling management, research is conducted separately on bionic thermal-moisture coupling textiles such as superhydrophobic photothermal surface structures, sweat gland duct structures, and stomatal opening-closing structures. The influencing factors under the synergistic effects of heat and moisture have been analyzed. In the future, the field of structural bionic textiles for thermal and moisture regulation still faces several key scientific issues and technical challenges that need to be addressed. Currently, the primary challenges for structural bionic textiles include limited material diversity and selectivity, high complexity in replicating structural designs, and constraints in multi-scenario applications. The limitations in materials can be addressed through synergistic design integrating material properties with structural forms to optimize both material composition and performance alongside structure, so as to achieve efficient integration of specific functions. Sustainable processing innovations such as micro-nano structure replication, multi-material gradient manufacturing, adaptive assembly, and composite forming can be adopted to overcome the constraints of traditional manufacturing on structural complexity and material compatibility, enabling precise alignment of "structure-function-material." To support cross-domain integration and multi-scenario adaptability, optimized designs can break the limitation of single functions for single scenarios. Inspired by biological "multi-functionality in a single organ," modular designs and sensor-driven intelligent perception technologies can be leveraged to achieve adaptability in complex environments, ensuring that thermal and moisture management textiles maintain high performance. Only through systematic breakthroughs in these challenges can the field of structural bionic textiles for thermal and moisture regulation advance toward high quality and innovation, ultimately providing more competitive technical solutions for ensuring human thermal and moisture comfort.

Preparation and performance of TPEE waterproof and breathable films for single-material outdoor fabrics

MA Ruihan, CHEN Keng, FAN Dan, QIAO Luyang, ZHANG Shujuan, LIN Zhihao, WANG Chenglong, ZHENG Jinhuan

2026, 34(07):  25-34.  DOI: 10.12477/j.att.202512024

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Under the guidance of the dual-carbon strategy goals, the concept of sustainable development has deeply penetrated the manufacturing industry. With the improvement of people's living standards, fast-moving consumer goods clothing has undergone iterative upgrades and the demand for high-strength and high-tensile polyester fibers has been continuously increasing. The huge annual production volume has brought about the problem of waste fabric resourceization and recycling, which has become the focus of the industry. However, in the step of laminated fabric recovery, there is often inconsistency between the film and the fabric components, and it is necessary to first separate and then recycle separately, making the recovery of composite fabrics difficult and the utilization rate low, causing a serious burden on the environment. In response to the above problems, this paper uses TPEE as the raw material. Its hard segment structure is consistent with the chemical structure of polyester fabric. The TPEE waterproof and breathable microporous membrane is prepared by the thermally induced phase separation method and after hot pressing a uniform laminated composite fabric can be obtained. The molecular weight distribution and melt flow rate of TPEE are analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and melt flow indexer (MFI). The TPEE masterbatch is preliminarily screened by scanning electron microscope (SEM), tensile strength tester, and air permeability test, and the performance indicators such as membrane pore size, porosity, breathability, and waterproofness are further tested to explore the influence of the preparation process and fabric structure on the waterproof performance and breathability of the composite fabric. Through experimental design, high-performance laminated fabrics are achieved to alleviate the pressure of the subsequent recovery process. The experimental results show that as the molecular weight of TPEE increases, the surface of the microporous membrane easily forms a smooth and uniform fine pore structure, which is conducive to the improvement of the membrane strength. In the film preparation process, the replacement time, quenching temperature, and the concentration of the pore-forming agent all have significant effects on the various properties of the film. Increasing the quenching temperature and the mass fraction of the porogen markedly coarsens the pore structure, which enhances moisture permeability while maintaining waterproof performance. The final results show that the preparation process suitable for the production of laminated composite fabric films requires a replacement time of 4 hours in ethanol, a quenching temperature of 20 °C, and a pore-forming agent content of 7%. Under these conditions, the film has a breathability of 6281 g/(m²·d), a static water pressure resistance of 63.26 kPa, a tensile elongation rate of 910%, and a tensile strength of 10.5 MPa. Subsequently, different fabric structures of polyester are laminated with it and the water pressure resistance effect can reach 161.82 kPa and the water resistance grade is level 5. The single-material exterior fabric prepared in this study has excellent comprehensive performance and can provide reference for the wide application of physical one-step recovery of polyester materials in the development of waterproof and breathable fabric in the field.

Effects of PVA binder on the structure and properties of sandwich carbon cloth

MO Haiqin, ZHOU Chunxing, SHAO Yiqin, ZHU Guocheng

2026, 34(07):  35-43.  DOI: 10.12477/j.att.202512017

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The composite structured carbon cloth can filter and adsorb particulate matter and volatile organic compounds in the air, and the binder as a key component in the preparation of the composite structured carbon cloth plays an important role in regulating the structure and performance of the material. To further explore the mechanism and regulation strategies of the binder, this study used melt-blown nonwoven fabric and coconut shell activated carbon (CSAC) particles as raw materials, with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the binder, to construct multilayer melt-blown carbon composite structured materials. By controlling key process parameters such as the basis weight of the melt-blown fabric (77 g/m², 81 g/m², and 85 g/m²), the mass fraction of the PVA binder (2%-6%), and the CSAC loading, the influence of each factor on the material's filtration performance and formaldehyde adsorption performance was systematically investigated. Techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂ adsorption-desorption, surface electrostatic potential testing, and adsorption kinetic models were used to reveal the intrinsic structure-performance relationships and mechanisms of action. The research results indicate that increasing the surface density of meltblown nonwoven fabric can improve filtration efficiency, but the increase in filtration resistance is even more significant, resulting in the base fabric with a surface density of 77 g/m² having the best overall filtration performance (highest quality factor). The introduction of the PVA binder has a significant regulatory effect on the loading behavior of CSAC particles: the CSAC loading amount increases exponentially with the PVA mass fraction and gradually approaches saturation. The binder also affects the material's pore structure: when the PVA mass fraction is 5%, the composite structured carbon cloth achieves the maximum specific surface area (246.507 m²/g) and pore volume (0.138 cm³/g) with a CSAC loading of 141.76 g/m². This sample exhibits the optimal overall filtration performance with a quality factor (Qf) of 0.03526±0.00091 Pa⁻¹. The changes in filtration performance are attributed to the multiple effects of PVA on the material's pore structure and surface electrostatic properties: an appropriate amount of PVA helps to fix CSAC particles and form suitable pores, whereas excessive PVA blocks channels and forms a continuous film on the fiber surface, leading to a decrease in specific surface area, attenuation of surface electrostatic potential, and increased airflow resistance, thereby reducing filtration efficiency and the quality factor. In terms of formaldehyde adsorption performance, the sample with the largest specific surface area and pore volume (5% PVA by mass fraction) exhibited the highest equilibrium adsorption capacity (3.664±0.023 mg/g) and removal rate (57.20±0.36%). The adsorption performance is closely related to the CSAC loading and the material's pore structure parameters, and excessive PVA causing pore blockage leads to a decline in adsorption performance. Adsorption kinetic analysis shows that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R²=0.99977) fits the adsorption process better than the pseudo-first-order model (R²=0.95387), indicating that chemisorption predominates along with physical adsorption characteristics. The intraparticle diffusion model further reveals that the adsorption process is controlled by multi-step diffusion: initially dominated by boundary layer diffusion, followed by intraparticle diffusion control, ultimately reaching adsorption equilibrium. In summary, this study clarifies the key role of PVA binder in the preparation of composite structured carbon cloth and establishes a cascade regulation relationship among binder mass fraction-CSAC particle loading-pore structure-filtration and adsorption performance. It provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the structural design and performance regulation of multifunctional air purification materials.

Performance analysis of silk knitted fabrics produced from artificial diet-reared silkworms

LU Zheyao, PAN Mengyao, MAO Ying, WU Leyuan, LÜ Wangyang, JIANG Wenbin

2026, 34(07):  44-50.  DOI: 10.12477/j.att.202511037

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With the continuous development of the social economy, China's sericulture industry is facing increasing challenges. In particular, the strong dependence of silkworm rearing on mulberry leaves imposes pronounced seasonal constraints on production, making traditional sericulture practices difficult to adapt to the requirements of modern agriculture. Therefore, promoting the transformation and upgrading of the sericulture industry has become imperative, and artificial diet-based silkworm rearing technology is regarded as an effective approach to overcoming this bottleneck. At present, studies on artificial diet-reared silkworms mainly focus on growth metabolism and cocoon or silk quality, while investigations on end-use silk knitted fabrics remain limited. In this study, silk knitted fabrics produced from factory-based all-age artificial diet-reared silkworms and those from all-age mulberry leaf-reared silkworms were comparatively investigated. The two types of fabrics were systematically evaluated in terms of surface morphology, air permeability, moisture permeability, bursting strength, drapability, abrasion resistance, K/S values, Lab values, and color fastness, with the aim of clarifying the application potential of silk knitted fabrics derived from artificial diet-reared silkworms. The results showed that no significant differences were observed in the surface morphology of degummed knitted fabrics from the two rearing methods. In both cases, the silk fiber surfaces were smooth and no obvious sericin residues were detected. After identical degumming and dyeing treatments, the air permeability and moisture permeability of the two fabrics exhibited no significant differences. However, due to differences in the secondary structure and crystallinity of the silk fibers, the bursting strength and abrasion resistance of the artificial diet-reared silk knitted fabrics were lower than those of the mulberry leaf-reared counterparts under both degummed and dyed conditions, whereas their drapability was superior. After dyeing, the air permeability of both degummed knitted fabrics decreased significantly, while drapability and abrasion resistance were markedly improved, whereas moisture permeability and bursting strength showed no significant changes, which can be attributed to the combined effects of dyeing and finishing processes. In addition, no significant differences were found between the two types of fabrics in terms of K/S values, Lab color parameters, or color fastness, indicating comparable dyeing performance. Overall, the performance differences between silk knitted fabrics derived from artificial diet-reared and mulberry leaf-reared silkworms were mainly concentrated in bursting strength, drapability, and abrasion resistance. These differences originate from the intrinsic properties of the silk fibers produced under different rearing conditions. Although the artificial diet-reared silk knitted fabrics exhibited relatively lower bursting strength and abrasion resistance, the observed differences did not substantially affect their practical application. This study systematically elucidates the key performance characteristics of silk knitted fabrics produced from artificial diet-reared silkworms, providing data support for the large-scale promotion of artificial diet silkworm rearing technology and the industrial application of such silk fabrics. With the continued development and improvement of artificial diet-based silkworm rearing technology, these fabrics are expected to be more widely applied and to coexist with mulberry leaf-reared silk fabrics, jointly promoting the diversified and high-quality development of the silk industry.

Identification and diagnosis of critical processes in shirt production

DU Jinsong, ZHANG Jianan

2026, 34(07):  51-59.  DOI: 10.12477/j.att.202601016

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To address the problems of inaccurate identification of key processes and low efficiency of quality problem traceability in garment sewing workshops, this paper constructs an integrated identification-diagnosis method for the sewing process chain of men's shirts. As the core link affecting product quality and production efficiency in the garment manufacturing industry, the accuracy of key process identification and the efficiency of quality traceability directly determine an enterprise's process management level and product competitiveness. Traditional key process identification relies on the subjective experience of experts and lacks systematic quantitative evaluation. Meanwhile, quality traceability mostly adopts a post-event analysis mode which makes it difficult to quickly locate the root cause of problems. The integrated method proposed in this paper fills the gap between theoretical research and practical application in this field. Firstly, this paper establishes a process criticality evaluation system covering four first-level indicators and 12 second-level indicators based on the influencing factors of sewing processes, which fully includes qualitative and quantitative factors and avoids the one-sidedness of single-factor evaluation. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) is used to determine the indicator weights, solving the fuzziness and subjectivity in the weight determination process. Combined with the grey comprehensive evaluation method, the criticality of 28 sewing processes of men's shirts is quantified and key processes are selected according to the criticality ranking. Secondly, a Bayesian network (BN) diagnosis model is constructed by integrating man, machine, material, method, measurement, environment (5M1E) and fault tree analysis (FTA). Potential fault factors are identified via the 5M1E theory and the logical relationship between quality problems and root-cause factors is clarified through FTA, providing reasonable structural support for the Bayesian network model. Finally, parameter learning and backward reasoning are realized through GeNIe software to conduct probabilistic traceability of quality problems in key processes. Verification is carried out based on three months of production data from the HL men's shirt production line of an enterprise. The results show that six key processes are identified with an 89% consistency rate compared with the judgment results of enterprise quality experts, verifying the practical applicability of the proposed evaluation system and identification method. The root cause diagnosis accuracy of the Bayesian network model for quality problems in the key process of cuff reaches 93.20%, proving that the model can realize rapid and accurate traceability of quality problems. The proposed integrated method is applicable to the screening of key processes and the rapid location of quality root causes in garment sewing workshops. It not only provides a scientific and reliable technical tool for enterprise process management but also offers decision support for process control under different product types and customer standards. This method is of great significance for improving the overall quality management level of the garment manufacturing industry.

Preparation and structure of oxidased persimmon tannin and their dyeing process for silk fabric

LUO Gang, LI Shixiao, CAO Changqing, CHENG Yanmin, FANG Yonghao, WANG Qing

2026, 34(07):  60-68.  DOI: 10.12477/j.att.202512045

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The traditional persimmon dyeing process is highly praised for its natural source and unique aesthetic value, but there are limitations such as long oxidation period and unstable dyeing efficiency. To optimize the process, the enzymatic oxidation method was improved in this study and the catalytic effects of four different oxidases (Ox-1 to Ox-4) on persimmon tannin dyed silk fabrics were systematically compared. By comprehensively evaluating the dyeing depth, hue, and uniformity, Ox-4 was finally determined to be the best oxidase. In this study, two kinds of oxidized persimmon tannin were prepared. Ox-4-oxidized persimmon tannin treated by Ox-4 enzyme and air-oxidized persimmon tannin were used to compare the chemical characteristics and practical application differences between enzyme-controlled oxidation and natural atmospheric oxidation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to characterize the two oxidized tannins. Analysis showed that both of them contained gallic acid, (+)-catechin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, ethyl ferulate, and other key phenolic substances, but epicatechin gallate dimers were detected in air-oxidized samples. This component may be derived from non-specific oxidative coupling under environmental conditions, but this substance was not detected in Ox-4 oxidized samples. On the basis of chemical characterization, the dyeing properties were studied by key parameters such as dye mass fraction, pH value (3~9), temperature (50~90 °C), and time (30~180 min), and the color coordinates (L*, a*, and b*), K/S value, and reflectivity were measured. The optimum process parameters of Ox-4 oxidized persimmon tannin dyed silk fabric were determined by experiment as follows: a temperature of 90 °C, a pH value of 6~7 (weak acid to neutral), and a dyeing time of 120-150 min. Under optimal dyeing conditions, the fabric exhibited excellent colorfastness, achieving grade 3 or above in standard tests for wash fastness and rubbing fastness (dry/wet). Research indicates that the Ox-4 oxidase can effectively regulate and accelerate the oxidation process of persimmon tannin. By replacing the uncontrollable slow air oxidation step with an enzyme-controlled reaction, it achieves subjective regulation and standardization of the traditional dyeing process. The established optimal parameters not only enhance dyeing efficiency and reproducibility but also ensure that the finished product possesses colorfastness with commercial application value, providing data reference for the modernization and wider application of this traditional natural dyeing technique.

Preparation and properties of fluorine-free hydrophobic coatings based on organosilicon-modified polyurethane

ZHANG Yu LI Shuyang, LIU Huihui, YANG Rui, ZHANG Xuzhen

2026, 34(07):  69-78.  DOI: 10.12477/j.att.202512014

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Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics find wide application in apparel, home textiles, and industrial textiles for their high strength, high modulus, and excellent wear resistance. PET fibers show strong surface chemical inertness and lack reactive groups. Commercial PET fabrics easily undergo wicking after alkali reduction treatment. Liquids penetrate and diffuse rapidly along fabric capillaries in this process, and this issue severely restricts their functional applications in waterproof and antifouling fields. Existing hydrophobic modification technologies (e.g., fluorinated compound coating and nanoparticle deposition) enjoy wide application. However, they have obvious drawbacks: environmental risks of fluorinated reagents, cumbersome preparation processes, and insufficient coating durability. Thus, developing a fluorine-free, efficient, and durable hydrophobic modification technology for PET fabrics becomes an urgent research demand. This study modifies polyether-based isocyanate-terminated polyurethane prepolymers with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) and N-(β-aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (KH792). It constructs modified polyurethane (SiPU) hydrophobic coatings on PET fabric surfaces via electric wire-wound bar coating technology. The study characterizes the chemical structure and surface morphology of SiPU coatings by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). It also systematically tests the core properties of modified fabrics in accordance with relevant standards, including hydrophobicity, antifouling performance, moisture permeability, air permeability, wear resistance, and washing durability. The water contact angle of modified fabrics exceeds 130°. Their wicking height decreases significantly from 12.85 cm (pristine sample) to 1.00 cm and 0.30 cm, indicating a remarkable improvement in hydrophobic and anti-wicking properties. Modified fabrics exhibit excellent antifouling performance against liquid and solid contaminants. Their air permeability shows no significant difference from that of pristine fabrics and their moisture permeability remains at a practical application level. EDS analysis verifies a sharp increase in N and Si contents on the surface of modified fabrics. The N and Si contents in SiPU2 samples reach 6.36% and 1.06%, respectively, proving a better coating adhesion effect of SiPU2 than SiPU1. SEM observation reveals that SiPU coatings uniformly cover fiber surfaces and do not block the weaving pores of fabrics. This structural feature provides stable support for the air permeability of modified fabrics. Durability tests show that the water contact angle of SiPU2 remains greater than 110° after 40 friction cycles and stays greater than 130° after 20 washing cycles. SiPU2 thus exhibits significantly better wear resistance and washing durability than SiPU1. This advantage stems from the dual amino functional groups of KH792. The groups form more reactive sites with polyurethane prepolymers, construct dense cross-linked networks, and enhance the bonding force between coatings and fibers. This study confirms that the "polyurethane primer-silane coupling agent hydrophobic modification" composite strategy effectively improves the hydrophobicity, antifouling performance, and coating durability of PET fabrics. The preparation process is simple and requires no complex equipment. It involves no fluorinated or toxic reagents, thus conforming to the development requirements of green manufacturing. This strategy provides a new technical route for the industrial preparation of functional fluorine-free hydrophobic PET fabrics.

Finite element modeling simulation and performance evaluation of sports bras with different support levels

YU Jie, SUN Yue, YICK Kitlun, GU Bingfei

2026, 34(07):  79-89.  DOI: 10.12477/j.att.202511036

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This study aims to systematically evaluate the biomechanical performance of sports bras with different support levels during dynamic running. It focuses on how structural design affects breast motion control and wearer comfort. Key design variables were quantified including cup coverage, strap width, and underband structure. Their effects on breast displacement and body-surface pressure distribution were investigated. This provides a theoretical basis for optimizing sports bra design to balance support and comfort. The research combined experimental measurement with finite element simulation. A healthy female subject (bra size 70C) was selected. Her torso geometry was obtained via 3D scanning. Motion capture technology collected movement data at three running speeds (4 km/h, 5 km/h, and 6 km/h). These data served as boundary conditions for the simulation. A biomechanical model was built. It included a rigid torso, a linearly elastic adipose tissue layer, and mammary glands modeled with a Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic material. Three digital bra models (high, medium, and low support) were created using CAD and Clo3D software. Model validity was verified by comparing simulated and experimental nipple displacement. The results showed good agreement with a root mean square error of 4.01 mm. The simulations showed that all bras significantly reduced breast displacement. The high-support model provided the best motion control. However, it also produced higher average contact pressure. The low-support bra, with its narrower straps, created localized high-pressure zones on the shoulders. The medium-support bra demonstrated the most uniform pressure distribution. As running speed increased, breast motion shifted from mainly medial-lateral displacement to dominant vertical vibration. Pressure fluctuations also intensified accordingly. Dynamic pressure analysis indicated the highest pressure peaks under the breast. The next highest pressures were on the shoulder straps and the back. It reveals that the sports bra structure significantly influences biomechanical support and pressure comfort. High-support designs effectively control breast motion but increase body-surface pressure. Medium-support designs offer sufficient support while achieving better pressure distribution, resulting in superior overall performance. This study suggests that future designs should focus on coordinated optimization of strap configuration, cup structure, and underband engineering to improve the overall wearing experience. Future research should include more diverse breast morphologies. The effects of material properties on long-term comfort should also be further investigated.

The effect of sports belts with different materials on kinematic indicators

WANG Xiaoqing, ZHENG Jingjing

2026, 34(07):  90-98.  DOI: 10.12477/j.att.202601013

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Amid the growing popularity of national fitness initiatives, compound exercises such as bent-over rows, squats, and deadlifts have become prevalent in strength training. However, the absence of external support during these movements often leads to lumbar strain and compensatory joint motion. Sports waist belts, widely employed as functional equipment to enhance trunk stability and mitigate injury risks, require further biomechanical investigation. Current research on waist belts primarily focuses on static pressure measurements or surface electromyography (sEMG) monitoring of isolated muscles, lacking systematic quantification of kinematic performance for textile-based composite materials, leather-reinforced, and EVA-synthetic composites in dynamic training scenarios. To address this gap, this study evaluates the kinematic effects of two representative composite-material waist belts—leather and EVA—during common resistance exercises using OpenSim musculoskeletal simulation integrated with 3D motion capture technology. The findings aim to provide scientific evidence for material selection and precision design of functional sports waist belts. Eight male participants with regular resistance training experience were recruited to perform bent-over rows, squats, and deadlifts under three conditions: without a belt, with leather belt A, and with EVA belt B. Kinematic data were acquired using a Qualisys Oqus500+ 3D motion capture system and OpenSim was employed to construct subject-specific kinematic models for analyzing joint angle variations and center-of-mass (CoM) displacement. The data were statistically analyzed using repeated-measures analysis in SPSS to examine kinematic differences associated with various belt materials and different exercise modes. This study transcends conventional static or single-parameter assessments by synergizing 3D motion capture with OpenSim simulation to systematically dissect biomechanical disparities between composite materials in dynamic contexts, revealing material-property-kinematic correlations through multidimensional quantification. Results demonstrated high reliability of the simulation model (joint angle deviations not exceeding 5°). Waist belt usage significantly influenced hip joint range of motion (ROM), movement smoothness, and CoM stability (p < 0.05). During bent-over rows, both belts exhibited comparable performance. In squats, belt B (EVA) enhanced hip ROM and reduced overall CoM displacement by 17.1%. During deadlifts, belt A (leather) promoted hip alignment toward the spinal neutral position, yielding the smoothest angle trajectory with minimal dispersion; CoM displacement decreased by 19.2% compared to the no-belt condition. Both belts demonstrated superior constraint efficacy on horizontal-plane CoM displacement relative to the vertical direction. The research provides theoretical support for optimizing functional sports waist belt design and personalized equipment selection, guiding targeted recommendations for diverse training objectives. It further advances the development of functional textiles toward intelligent and precision-oriented innovation.

Research progress on coaxial electrospun smart responsive protective textiles

CHEN Leixu, ZHAO Jin, SHI Guigang, ZHU Ruoying

2026, 34(07):  99-109.  DOI: 10.12477/j.att.202511044

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With the evolution of protection demands from traditional "passive shielding" to "active response", coaxial electrospinning technology has emerged as a pivotal strategy for constructing intelligent responsive protective textiles owing to its unique core-shell structure design capability. This technology enables the precise integration of "protection-response" functions by utilizing the shell layer to provide fundamental mechanical properties and barrier functions while the core layer is loaded with responsive media and functional substances. This paper systematically reviews the principles and material characteristics of coaxial electrospinning with a primary focus on its advanced applications in protective textiles. It provides a detailed analysis and summary of its use in various protective domains including antibacterial/antiviral protection, flame retardancy, UV protection and intelligent thermoregulation, chemical protection and adsorption, mechanical enhancement and damage monitoring, and multifunctional integration. In antibacterial/antiviral applications, the technology facilitates both passive sustained-release strategies (where antimicrobials are encapsulated in the core for controlled release) and active contact-killing strategies (where biocidal agents e.g., silver nanoparticles are immobilized in the shell). For flame retardancy, the core-shell structure allows for the efficient encapsulation of flame retardants (e.g., hybrid red phosphorus/graphene) within polymer shells or the construction of intrinsic fire-resistant ceramic fibers (e.g., SiO₂ shell/BN core), significantly reducing peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR). In UV protection and thermoregulation, integrating UV blockers (e.g., ZnO) into the shell and phase change materials (e.g., octadecane) into the core achieves synergistic protection and comfort. For chemical protection, the shell acts as a selective barrier while the core incorporates active adsorbents (e.g., ZIF-8) or corrosion inhibitors, enabling intelligent self-healing and efficient pollutant removal. Furthermore, the technology enhances mechanical strength through "rigid shell-soft core" designs and introduces damage monitoring capabilities by embedding conductive nanomaterials (e.g., MXene@CNT) for real-time structural health sensing. Most notably, coaxial electrospinning excels in multifunctional integration, allowing for the combination of disparate functions like antibacterial activity, thermoregulation, optical response, and sensing within a single textile system. In conclusion, coaxial electrospinning offers an effective pathway for the functional customization of intelligent protective textiles. It successfully merges "passive blocking" with "active elimination/repair", opening up broad prospects for future development in personalized protection and sophisticated multifunctional integration. Finally, this review outlines future research directions centered on "performance optimization—technical breakthrough—industrial adaptation", including the development of multi-stimuli responsive systems, enhancement of long-term stability and biosafety, and the scaling-up of production processes. Overcoming these key bottlenecks will be crucial for translating this promising technology from laboratory research to widespread industrial application and commercialization, and will provide robust technical support for public health safety, industrial protection, and specialized fields.

Research progress on fiber-based filter materials for personal protective equipment

CHEN Lili, LUO Tianyu, ZHANG Junze

2026, 34(07):  110-121.  DOI: 10.12477/j.att.202508005

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As a critical barrier safeguarding the health and safety of personnel in complex and hazardous environments, personal protective equipment (PPE) performance directly relates to the users' life safety, playing an irreplaceable role in multiple high-risk fields such as chemical engineering, metallurgy, medical care, and public health emergencies. In the chemical industry, workers are exposed to risks including toxic and harmful gases and splashes of corrosive liquids; in metallurgical scenarios, high temperatures, dust, and metal oxide particles constantly threaten the health of operators; in the medical field, healthcare workers need to resist the invasion of bioaerosols such as bacteria and viruses; during public health emergencies, a large number of frontline personnel rely more on reliable protective equipment to block the transmission of various pathogens. Thanks to their unique structural advantages, fiber-based filter materials have become the core functional material of a new generation of PPE—their high specific surface area can significantly improve the capture probability of tiny particles, high porosity ensures unobstructed gas circulation, low air resistance reduces the breathing burden on users, and excellent filtration efficiency provides a solid guarantee for protective safety. Compared with traditional particle-filled or membrane separation materials, fiber-based filter materials demonstrate significant advantages in performance regulation. Traditional particle-filled materials often suffer from uneven particle dispersion and easy detachment, leading to unstable filtration efficiency. Although membrane separation materials have high filtration precision, they generally have the drawback of high air permeability resistance, which can easily cause discomfort to users during long-term use. In contrast, fiber-based filter materials can achieve the optimization of pore size distribution and connectivity by precisely regulating fiber diameter, morphology, and stacking structure, thereby striking an ideal balance between high filtration efficiency and low air permeability resistance. Additionally, the fiber surface possesses abundant active sites which can be easily modified through physical adsorption, chemical grafting, coating modification, and other methods to introduce specific adsorptive groups or antibacterial components. This enables the materials not only to efficiently capture particulate matter but also effectively adsorb toxic and harmful chemical gases as well as inhibit the growth and transmission of bioaerosols such as bacteria and viruses, achieving multifunctional composite protection. This paper systematically reviews the preparation methods, structural regulation mechanisms, and application progress of fiber-based filter materials in PPE. It focuses on introducing the key principles and performance regulation approaches of preparation strategies such as melt spinning, wet spinning, electrospinning, surface functionalization, molecular self-assembly, and 3D printing, and summarizes their application achievements and development trends in respiratory protection and protective clothing. Finally, the future development of fiber-based filter materials in the directions of multifunctionalization, degradability, and intelligent protection is prospected, providing reference for the design of efficient, safe, and sustainable materials in the PPE field.

Industrial process optimization for high-strength, moisture-permeable particulate protective clothing fabric

CHEN Zixuan, ZHAO Lianying, YAN Fang

2026, 34(07):  122-133.  DOI: 10.12477/j.att.202510031

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With the frequent occurrence of public health incidents and increasing industrial safety requirements, the demand for particulate protective clothing has grown significantly. Traditional hot-press lamination processes exhibit notable drawbacks: molten hot-melt adhesives tend to clog fabric pores, reducing moisture permeability, and the process requires high heat resistance from raw materials, limiting material choices. This study aims to address pore clogging through process innovation and develop protective fabrics with both high strength and high moisture permeability. This paper adopted a spray adhesive compounding method using polypropylene spunbond nonwoven fabric as the substrate and a TPEE membrane as the waterproof and moisture-permeable layer to systematically optimize three key process parameters: surface pressure, adhesive amount, and spray gun height. Single-factor experiments determined the parameter ranges: surface pressure below 0.16 MPa caused fabric wrinkling while that above 0.24 MPa led to curling; adhesive amounts exceeding 2.0 g/m² resulted in adhesive bleeding; spray gun height was set between 55-75 mm. Based on these findings, a three-factor three-level orthogonal experimental design was implemented using an L9(3³) orthogonal array. Multi-objective optimization was conducted through analysis of variance, least squares regression, and the Pareto optimality criterion. The innovations of this study include the first systematic application of spray adhesive compounding to the industrial production of protective fabrics, the introduction of the Pareto optimality criterion to balance multiple objectives—breaking strength, peel strength, and moisture permeability—and the establishment of a process parameter-performance mathematical model system to provide predictive tools for production. The results show that breaking strength is mainly influenced by spray gun height and the interaction between adhesive amount and surface pressure; peel strength is primarily determined by adhesive amount and spray gun height with significant second-order interactive effects; moisture permeability is largely controlled by spray gun height and the interaction between surface pressure and adhesive amount. The regression models demonstrate high predictive accuracy with adjusted R² values of 0.922, 0.802, and 0.957 for breaking strength, peel strength, and moisture permeability, respectively. Pareto optimization yielded the optimal process parameters: a surface pressure of 0.18 MPa, an adhesive amount of 2.0 g/m², and a spray gun height of 75 mm. Under these conditions, the composite fabric achieved a breaking strength of 61.05 N, a peel strength of 3.0 N, and a moisture permeability of 5019.93 g/(m²·24h), all exceeding relevant national standards. This study verifies the effectiveness of the spray adhesive compounding method in resolving pore clogging while maintaining bonding strength. The established models provide a theoretical basis for industrial production. The method and models can also serve as a reference for the process optimization of other functional composite textiles. Future research may further explore the compatibility between substrates and functional membranes as well as fabric durability and environmental adaptability to promote the industrialization of high-performance protective fabrics.

Industrial process optimization for high-strength, moisture-permeable particulate protective clothing fabric

CHEN Zixuan, ZHAO Lianying, YAN Fang

2026, 34(07):  134-140.  DOI: 10.12477/j.att.202511008

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With the frequent occurrence of public health incidents and increasing industrial safety requirements, the demand for particulate protective clothing has grown significantly. Traditional hot-press lamination processes exhibit notable drawbacks: molten hot-melt adhesives tend to clog fabric pores, reducing moisture permeability, and the process requires high heat resistance from raw materials, limiting material choices. This study aims to address pore clogging through process innovation and develop protective fabrics with both high strength and high moisture permeability. This paper adopted a spray adhesive compounding method using polypropylene spunbond nonwoven fabric as the substrate and a TPEE membrane as the waterproof and moisture-permeable layer to systematically optimize three key process parameters: surface pressure, adhesive amount, and spray gun height. Single-factor experiments determined the parameter ranges: surface pressure below 0.16 MPa caused fabric wrinkling while that above 0.24 MPa led to curling; adhesive amounts exceeding 2.0 g/m² resulted in adhesive bleeding; spray gun height was set between 55-75 mm. Based on these findings, a three-factor three-level orthogonal experimental design was implemented using an L9(3³) orthogonal array. Multi-objective optimization was conducted through analysis of variance, least squares regression, and the Pareto optimality criterion. The innovations of this study include the first systematic application of spray adhesive compounding to the industrial production of protective fabrics, the introduction of the Pareto optimality criterion to balance multiple objectives—breaking strength, peel strength, and moisture permeability—and the establishment of a process parameter-performance mathematical model system to provide predictive tools for production. The results show that breaking strength is mainly influenced by spray gun height and the interaction between adhesive amount and surface pressure; peel strength is primarily determined by adhesive amount and spray gun height with significant second-order interactive effects; moisture permeability is largely controlled by spray gun height and the interaction between surface pressure and adhesive amount. The regression models demonstrate high predictive accuracy with adjusted R² values of 0.922, 0.802, and 0.957 for breaking strength, peel strength, and moisture permeability, respectively. Pareto optimization yielded the optimal process parameters: a surface pressure of 0.18 MPa, an adhesive amount of 2.0 g/m², and a spray gun height of 75 mm. Under these conditions, the composite fabric achieved a breaking strength of 61.05 N, a peel strength of 3.0 N, and a moisture permeability of 5019.93 g/(m²·24h), all exceeding relevant national standards. This study verifies the effectiveness of the spray adhesive compounding method in resolving pore clogging while maintaining bonding strength. The established models provide a theoretical basis for industrial production. The method and models can also serve as a reference for the process optimization of other functional composite textiles. Future research may further explore the compatibility between substrates and functional membranes as well as fabric durability and environmental adaptability to promote the industrialization of high-performance protective fabrics.

Research on the protective effect of molten metal adhesion on fabrics

SUN Qinan, MA Qiqi, RAN Zelong, HE Lifen, CAO Lixia, YANG Sen, LONG Xiaoyun, SUN Qilong

2026, 34(07):  141-148.  DOI: 10.12477/j.att.202601005

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In the metallurgical industry, workers are frequently exposed to the extreme risk of high-temperature molten metal splashing during smelting, transportation, and processing processes. Existing studies mainly focus on the impact resistance of protective fabrics. However, when molten metal adheres to the fabric surface, changes in fabric morphology and heat transfer behavior have not yet been thoroughly investigated. This study employed a single-factor experiment. By constructing a thermal insulation performance testing device, the influence laws of fabric types, the height of molten metal spillage, the temperature and mass of molten metal on the protective performance of the fabric were explored. The fabric was subjected to thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle testing, and SEM characterization of the wool scale structure. The metal tested was Wood's alloy with a melting point of 243 °C. The test samples included two types of molten metal splash protection fabrics and the typical flame-retardant protective fabric "aramid IIIA fabric." The results showed that under the conditions of a 1 cm molten metal spillage height, fabric surface adhesion of 7 g, and a 320 °C molten metal, the time for the human body to reach second-degree burns after the 1# to 3# fabrics was 16.6 s, 10.9 s, and 20.4 s, respectively. The thermal insulation performance and thermal stability of the aramid IIIA fabric were superior to the molten metal splash protection fabrics. When the molten metal spillage height increased from 1 cm to 15 cm, the time for the human body to reach second-degree burns after the 1# to 3# fabrics decreased from 16.6 s, 10.9 s, and 20.4 s to 7.8 s, 5.4 s, and 7.3 s, respectively. With the increase of spillage height, the molten metal quickly spread into a thin layer after impacting the fabric, significantly increasing the contact area and improving the heat passing through the fabric per unit time, resulting in a shorter time to reach second-degree burns. The molten metal spread area was large, the heat distribution was more uniform, the heat density was smaller, and the carbonization and ablation degree of the fabric surface was low. When the height exceeded 5 cm, metal penetration phenomena appeared on the back of the 2# and 3# fabrics with low weight, and the 1# wool blended thick fabric with high weight had stronger anti-penetration ability. The melting metal temperature and mass had a significant impact on the protective performance of the fabric. When the melting metal temperature increased from 243 °C to 320 °C, the time for the human body to reach second-degree burns after the 1# to 3# fabrics decreased from 35.7 s, 25.5 s, and 45.9 s to 12.7 s, 5.5 s, and 16.7 s, respectively. When the melting metal mass increased from 6 g to 10 g, the time for the human body to reach second-degree burns after the fabric decreased significantly, among which the 2# fabric was the fastest, only 5.5 s. In the future, the research on the heat transfer, wetting, and penetration mechanisms of molten metals and fabrics can be further deepened by considering the interaction of multiple factors. The experimental conditions should be optimized based on the actual working conditions in the metallurgical field. Based on the experimental results, the fiber ratio and weight structure of protective fabrics should be designed specifically to develop high insulation and anti-penetration composite protective fabrics. This will provide scientific theoretical basis and data support for the selection and research and development of protective fabrics for molten metal splashing.