Table of Content

10 June 2025, Volume 33 Issue 06

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Preparation and properties of solution blow spinning PVA fibers

WEN Hongquana, b, LIU Qia, CAO Qunxiang, LUO Jiea, b, , CHEN Lijie

2025, 33(06):  1-8.  DOI: 10.12477/xdfzjs.20250601

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As the application of nanofibers becomes increasingly widespread, research on methods for preparing nanofibers has also grown significantly, primarily encompassing electrospinning, melt-blowing spinning, phase separation, centrifugal spinning, and solution blow spinning technology (abbreviated as SBS). Among them, electrospinning technology has emerged as a hotspot in nanofiber preparation due to its advantages such as simple operation, excellent fiber-forming properties, and strong adaptability to spinning solutions.
However, the application of high-voltage electric fields limits the industrialization of electrospinning. Instead, SBS technology employs high-speed airflow to stretch polymer solutions instead of relying on electrostatic forces, achieving nanofiber formation without the dependency on high-voltage electric fields. Meanwhile, SBS technology has the more advantages than electrospinning, such as premium efficiency and huge prospects for industrialization. Thus, this technology has attracted more and more attention in recent years for nanofiber fabrication. However, current research and applications of SBS technology primarily use highly volatile organic solvents, and the use of low-volatility solvents (such as pure water) has always been a challenge. Especially in environments with high humidity, the moisture in the fibers cannot fully evaporate before reaching the collector, leading to inadequate stretching of the polymer molecules and affecting the fiber morphology. The selection of materials and processes suitable for aqueous solution SBS technology represents a significant breakthrough in achieving environmentally friendly solution blow spinning. 
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), as a good water-soluble degradable material, not only has good fiber forming performance and high chemical stability and biocompatibility, but also has a large number of negatively charged hydroxyl groups on the molecular chain. This makes it suitable for adsorbing heavy metal ions and chemical dyes, and it can also be functionalized through chemical modifications. In this study, water-soluble PVA is used as the raw material to explore SBS technology for aqueous solution, aiming to realize green and sustainable nanofiber preparing. By integrating condensation drying, adsorption drying, infrared heating, and other techniques with the solution blow spinning technology, the study reduces the impact of environmental humidity on the spinning performance of aqueous solutions. By optimizing parameters such as the mass fraction and properties of the spinning solution, traction air volume, and solution flow rate, the surface morphology and diameter distribution of PVA fibers are improved. Additionally, tartaric acid (TA) is used as a crosslinking agent to enhance the water resistance and thermal stability of PVA nanofibers. The research results expand the application of water-soluble nanofibers in catalysis, filtration, energy storage, sensing and biomedicine.


Self-crosslinking hydrophilic modification of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber surface with polyvinyl alcohol oxidation

WANG Chao, ZHU Zhexin, WANG Gangqiang, LÜ Wangyang

2025, 33(06):  9-16.  DOI: 10.12477/xdfzjs.20250602

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The ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber, as a high-performance fiber with high strength and high modulus, has found applications in numerous industrial fields due to its exceptional physical and chemical properties, such as ultra-high strength, good impact resistance, chemical corrosion resistance, and lightweight characteristics. These properties make it suitable for use in aerospace (processing of shell outer layers), national defense and military (stab-resistant materials), marine engineering (cables and ropes), biomedical applications, labor protection (cables), sporting goods and equipment, and many other industrial production areas.
Despite its numerous excellent physicochemical properties, the UHMWPE fiber still exhibits drawbacks such as easy creep, poor heat resistance, and no oxidation resistance. Furthermore, due to its high degree of orientation, high crystallinity and extremely low surface molecular polarity, the UHMWPE fiber has a very smooth surface and extremely low surface energy. This makes it difficult to process the UHMWPE fiber further, with challenges mainly manifesting in low interfacial bonding strength with resin matrices, poor fiber-to-fiber bonding, and poor dyeing performance. Therefore, the modification of the fiber, especially the modification of fiber interface, is of great significance to the expansion of its application range.
At present, the main modification methods can be roughly divided into wet modification and dry modification. Dry modification mainly includes corona discharge treatment, plasma surface treatment, etc. Wet modification primarily encompasses chemical etching, surface grafting, surface coating and so on. In view of the inert surface of UHMWPE fibers and the difficulty of subsequent composite, the article leveraged the ability of persulfates to initiate self-crosslinking of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). A thermally activated persulfate system was employed to deposit PVA onto the surface of UHMWPE fibers after self-crosslinking, thereby improving their surface hydrophilicity. The effects of factors such as the degree of polymerization of PVA, persulfate concentration, reaction time, and reaction temperature were investigated, and the fibers after deposition were subjected to ultrasonic water washing for different durations to test their firmness. The modified fibers were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that thermally activated potassium persulfate generates hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals, which can catalyze the self-crosslinking of PVA and its deposition onto the surface of UHMWPE fibers. For improving hydrophilicity, using PVA with a degree of polymerization of 1,700, adding 1 mL of 0.1 mg/mL potassium persulfate, and reacting at 80℃ for 90 minutes can achieve complete infiltration. Moreover, the coating can remain stable after 2 hours of ultrasonic washing.


Numerical simulation of airflow field in a carding machine based on CFD

GE Shihao, LI Menghan, XING Mingjie, LI Qiuying

2025, 33(06):  17-26.  DOI: 10.12477/xdfzjs.20250603

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The carding machine is one of the key equipments in the spinning process, and its internal airflow movement law directly affects the combing effect, card sliver quality and production efficiency. However, most previous studies have focused on specific components of carding machines, leaving significant gaps in understanding airflow behavior across the entire machine structure. This study investigates the JWF1217 carding machine through numerical simulations and operational testing, aiming to comprehensively analyze its internal airflow patterns so as to provide theoretical basis for the structural optimization and performance improvement of the carding machines.
In numerical simulation, firstly, the fluid domain model of carding machine was established by using ANSYS Workbench software. In the process of modeling, geometric features such as fillets, chamfers, and bosses, which have less influence on the air flow, were appropriately simplified. Meanwhile, the depth of the needle cloth of each working part was fully considered to ensure the accuracy of the model. Then, the fluid domain model was divided into structured tetrahedral grids, and the boundary conditions of the inlet and outlet of the airflow were reasonably set, and then the standard k-ε turbulence model was selected for simulation. The fluid domain was then meshed with structured tetrahedral grids, with appropriate boundary conditions defined for the airflow inlets and outlets, followed by simulation using the standard k-ε turbulence model. In order to verify the accuracy of the numerical simulation results, the actual operation test was carried out and compared with the numerical simulation results.
The simulation results reveal the main components of the airflow in the carding machine, including the airflow generated by the rotation of the working roll, the airflow sucked by the dust filter pipe, and the external airflow intake. At the same time, the simulation results also show the distribution of the airflow pressure field and velocity field in the whole carding machine, dust filtering area and carding area. The results show that the overall pressure distribution inside the carding machine is appropriate. The pressure decreases along the X direction at the cotton mesh cleaner, the cylinder undercasing and the falling area, which is beneficial to the short fiber and dust to enter the dust filter pipe with the air flow. The pressure in the dust filter pipe decreases from bottom to top and from outside to inside, the pressure drop is stable without abrupt changes, the negative pressure utilization rate is high and the energy loss is low, which is conducive to removing dust. Vortices are observed in the licker-in falling of the main carding region. Downward airflow promotes impurity removal, while upward airflow supports fiber alignment, ensuring stable carding performance. In the cylinder-revolving flat interface, the airflow effect is dominant near the suction point of the dust filter pipe, while the mechanical effect is more significant away from the suction point. In the cylinder-doffer triangle area, the airflow on the surface of the cylinder and the doffer is relatively independent and does not interfere with each other, which is beneficial to reduce the mutual entanglement and damage between the fibers. The experimental results show that the numerical simulation results are basically consistent with the experimental measurements, which verifies the reliability and accuracy of the numerical simulation method.


The lifting rule of three-dimensional woven fabrics on multi-eyelet looms

WANG Jiaxuan, OUYANG Yiwei, CHAI Ying, SONG Yao, GONG Xiaozhou

2025, 33(06):  27-35.  DOI: 10.12477/xdfzjs.20250604

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With the rapid advancement of materials science and technology, the requirements for composite material performance have become increasingly stringent. The integration of modern textile technology and resin technology has given rise to textile composites. Furthermore, advancements in three-dimensional textile technology have provided powerful technical support for creating high-performance composites with rational structures and exceptional overall performance. This effectively addresses the shortcomings of traditional laminated composites in terms of impact resistance and interlayer strength, leading to their widespread applications in fields such as aerospace, shipbuilding, automotive, construction, and warehousing. Among the numerous reinforcing materials, the 3D woven fabric has garnered attention in recent years due to its wide application prospects and significant development potential. Its flexible design allows for the customization of weft or warp cross-sections according to different needs. Traditional two-dimensional weaving techniques and equipment require an opening to be formed each time weft yarns are introduced, which leads to repeated bending of the yarns during the process. This results in significant friction between yarns as well as between yarns and mechanisms, causing warp damage, yarn breakage, and the formation of pills on the fabric surface. Although the advent of multi-eyelet looms has greatly alleviated these issues and improved weaving efficiency, their complex processes and high application thresholds have, to a certain extent, limited product diversity and flexibility.
To facilitate the easy operation of multi-eyelet looms and enable flexible adjustment of parameters and free setting of layers, so as to promote the widespread application of the looms, this paper conducts an in-depth exploration of their weaving principles. Initially, three-dimensional woven fabrics are classified into four major categories: through-thickness orthogonal woven fabrics, interlayer orthogonal woven fabrics, orthogonal angle-interlock fabrics, and interlayer angle interlocking fabrics. Aiming to streamline the weaving process, we introduce an innovative dividual drawing technique. This approach involves threading yarn with the same fluctuation laws onto the same set of heald frames and categorizing these frames into the same zone. This threading method not only makes the weaving process more orderly but also significantly reduces the complexity of operations. Based on this dividual drawing method, we further investigate the principles underlying warp numbering. Additionally, we systematically organize and summarize the rules pertaining to heald lifting and weft insertion. 
Through this comprehensive study, we have gained a deeper comprehension of the structural characteristics of 3D woven fabrics, enabling multi-eyelet looms to handle various structures and parameters with greater ease while significantly simplifying the technological requirements in the weaving process. Looking ahead, we are firmly convinced that 3D woven fabrics will exhibit their remarkable performance in a broader array of fields, and significantly contribute to the sustainable progress of society. At the same time, we also anticipate that multi-eyelet looms will gain wider promotion and application due to their simplicity and efficiency.


Research on the properties of Miura-ori structural fabric with variable structural parameters

TIAN Yuan, XU Qiaoli, XUE Jingli, JIN Guang, MU Huangbo, DU Zhaoqun

2025, 33(06):  36-41.  DOI: 10.12477/xdfzjs.20250605

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Origami art originated in China, and was then introduced to Japan and to the world. With the development of research on origami structure and textile technology, the foldable fabric based on origami structure has been derived from the combination of the two technologies, which makes the application and innovation of origami structure in the textile field possible. Miura-ori structure is the most classic origami folding structure and the most widely used folding structure. It can fold two-dimensional plane materials into three-dimensional shapes by origami. As an emerging metamaterial structure, the Miura-ori structure has attracted many scholars to study it.
To further develop fabrics with geometric effects and functionality, the Miura-ori structure woven fabrics were prepared by combining the origami structure with the fabric structure, and their mechanical properties and thermal-moisture properties were studied and analyzed. Origami fabrics mainly form many folded and crossed folds through folding and lapping, which are usually quite complex and unique. Origami fabrics usually adopt accurate calculation and design to form a fixed folding line and angle. Origami fabrics are usually stable, because the intersection of wrinkles increases the strength and durability of the fabric. The SGA598-D multi-axis automatic jacquard loom was used to weave the woven fabrics. Miura-ori structural fabrics were designed with the help of fabric design software CAD View60. Four kinds of Miura-ori structure fabrics were prepared by changing the warp parameters and the angle α of the Miura-ori structure side length, and the effects of different parameters on the properties of the fabrics were demonstrated. 16.67 tex and 27.78 tex white PET were used as warp yarns, 16.67 tex black PET was used as inelastic weft yarn, and the composite yarn formed by 16.67 tex black PET and 7.78 tex white PU was used as elastic weft yarn, and four kinds of Miura-ori structure woven fabrics Y45, X30, X45 and X60 were prepared by changing the Miura-ori structure angle, which was set to 30°, 45° and 60° respectively. The compression performance test, bending performance test, air permeability test and moisture permeability test of the four Miura-ori structure fabrics were carried out. The results showed that when the Miura-ori structure angle was 45°, the shape retention and the air permeability were better. When the structure angle was the same, the stiffness, air permeability and moisture permeability of the fabric with high-warp yarn density were better. Miura-ori structure fabrics were compressed first by the destruction of the structure, and then by the compression of fabrics themselves. The bending properties of the front and back sides of Miura-ori structure fabrics were quite different, and the front stiffness of Miura-ori structure fabrics was greater.
In this paper, based on origami folding structure, Miura-ori structure was applied to textiles structure and Miura-ori structure fabrics were prepared to study their mechanical and thermal-moisture properties. The study of origami fabrics can provide a new way for the development of materials with specific functions, which is of great significance for the development of new textile materials and processes, and promotes technological innovation in the field of textile and materials science.


Prediction of color mixing in recycled colored fibers

WANG Suli, ZHAO Lianying, MA Leilei, DONG Fuxing, GU Xuefeng

2025, 33(06):  42-50.  DOI: 10.12477/xdfzjs.20250606

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In 2022, the General Office of the State Council issued “Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Circular Utilization of Waste Textiles”, which set a target of achieving a recovery and reuse rate of 50% for waste textiles by 2025. With the development of regeneration technology and the enhanced awareness of enterprises towards reuse, the spinnability of recycled fibers has been continuously improved. The production of colored-spun yarn from recycled colored fibers represents a new direction for the development of waste textiles to avoid decolorization treatment.
To realize the color recovery of recycled colored fibers, this paper proposes a digital prediction path for the color mixing process in colored-spun yarn production. First of all, the accurate measurement of fiber color is the basis of color mixing research. Due to the fluffy and deformable nature of fibers, they are typically converted into yarn or woven into small samples for indirect color measurement in actual production. For this reason, this paper adopts 0.1 g fiber carding into the same direction arrangement, tightly opaque state, and with homemade edge length of 2 cm square cardboard for color reading. The RGB values of the colored fibers are collected using digital colorimetry and converted into L*, a*and b* values. Compared with the color measurement results of spectrophotometer and colorimeter, digital colorimetry can directly read the average color of the selected area without the limitation of the test aperture size. The results, converted into color patches, are closer to visual inspection and are suitable for reading the colors of mixed fibers. Secondly, this paper explores the factors affecting the color measurement process of fiber samples. Experiments show that fibers need to be combed into a unidirectionally parallel and opaque state during measurement. To avoid the influence of different pressures on fiber density, the sample mass is fixed at 0.1g, and the same self-made color measurement cardboard is used for measurement. At the same time, in order to ensure the uniformity of the fiber color mixing, it is necessary to use the fiber extensometer to mix the fiber 10 times to ensure the stability of the color measurement results. Finally, this paper employs a neural network for fitting and prediction by comparing the theoretical color mixing results calculated using the color averaging method with the actual L*, a*and b* values of the mixed fiber samples. The input layer consists of the theoretical color mixing L*, a*and b* values calculated after mixing fibers according to a specific ratio, while the output layer represents the actual L*, a*and b* values of the samples. The hidden layer performs nonlinear fitting and prediction on the optimized data. The results show a coefficient of determination reaching 0.9850, with 63% of the samples having a color difference of less than 1. 
This method enables digital control of the color of mixed samples, which not only facilitates rapid prototyping and accelerates new product development but also simplifies digital communication and expression of color information. In the future, we need to increase the number of training samples to improve the accuracy of prediction and, on the basis of ensuring accuracy, expand the data set to include different types of fibers, so as to provide more effective color matching prediction reference for color textile enterprises.


Synthesis and properties of self-coloring fluorosilicone-modified polyacrylate hybrid latex for textiles

GUO Dingtao, LI Jiawei, HE Guiping, WU Liang, GUO Jie, QI Dongming,

2025, 33(06):  51-61.  DOI: 10.12477/xdfzjs.20250607

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In the textile printing and dyeing process, dyeing typically involves the use of a substantial amount of auxiliaries and necessitates procedures such as dyeing with a large liquor ratio, repeated washing and drying, and color fixing. These steps have often been criticized for resulting in the “three high” issues (high water consumption, high energy consumption, and high pollution), thereby impacting the green, low-carbon, and high-quality development of the textile industry chain. To solve this problem, many scholars have proposed to polymerize low molecular weight dyes, using the adhesive properties of polymers to directly attach them to the surface of fabrics without the need for additional dyes and film-forming agents. This method simplifies the process and meets the market demand for safety and environmental protection.
Introducing dye matrices into the main chain or side groups of polymers through copolymerization is an effective way to polymerize low molecular weight dyes. The self-coloring hybrid latex prepared by this method simultaneously possesses the strong light absorption of dyes and the migration resistance and processability of polymers. Fluorinated polysiloxane introduces fluorine groups into the organosilicon side groups, which not only endows the material with excellent properties of organosilicon polymers, such as flexibility, high temperature resistance, hydrophobicity, and low surface tension, but also enhances its heat resistance and chemical resistance. However, the behavior and mechanism of film formation and diffusion of rubber particles during the baking process of self-coloring fluorosilicone-modified polyacrylate hybrid latex for textiles are still unclear and therefore require further research.
To investigate the properties of self-coloring fluorosilicone-modified waterborne polymeric latex for textiles, polymerizable dye R60 was synthesized using C.I. Disperse Red 60 as the raw material. This dye was copolymerized with monomers such as methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), and trifluoropropylmethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3F) through a one-pot miniemulsion polymerization method to synthesize a self-coloring fluorosilicone-modified polyacrylate hybrid latex. This latex was then applied to cotton fabrics for foam dyeing and polyester fabrics for screen printing. The structures of R60 and self-coloring latex were characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR. The effects of different fluorosilicone monomer ratios and R60 addition amounts on the color characteristics, dry/wet crockfastness, and washing fastness of the colored fabrics were investigated. The film-forming and color-fixing mechanisms of the fluorosilicone-modified hybrid self-coloring latex were analyzed. The results showed that the self-coloring fluorosilicone-modified latex particles exhibited an ellipsoidal structure with good centrifugal and freeze-thaw stability. When the amount of R60 added was 3% of the total monomer mass and the mass ratio of D4 to D3F was 4/1, the hybrid film exhibited a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 2.7°C and a water contact angle of 93.9°. Compared to fabrics treated with pure acrylate self-coloring latex, the color fastness, hand feel, and air permeability of fabrics treated with the fluorosilicone-modified self-coloring latex were improved. The K/S values of foam-dyed cotton fabrics and polyester fabrics reached 2.02 and 7.39, respectively, with dry/wet crockfastness and washing fastness ratings being above grade 4. The air permeability increased by 23.7% and 33.2%, respectively, while the stiffness decreased by 28.55% and 49.7%. Leveraging the surface migration characteristics of the fluorosilicone segments during film formation, the latex particles could better diffuse into the fabric pores, inhibiting the continuous formation of a film on the fabric surface and imparting excellent coloring performance to the colored fabrics.


Mesoscopic finite element simulation of fabric bending due to self-weight

GU Bingfeia, b , c, TANG Wenjuana, XU Wang, YUAN Zishuna, b , c

2025, 33(06):  62-70.  DOI: 10.12477/xdfzjs.20250608

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The bending performance of fabrics is one of the key factors determining their deformation ability. Figuring out the bending mechanical properties of fabrics is crucial for designers and engineers to make accurate predictions and optimizations at the early stages of product development. By establishing simulation models to mimic and analyze the impact of different design parameters on fabric bending performance, the structure, materials, and processes of fabrics can be optimized, thereby enhancing the product's overall performance and quality. Furthermore, finite element simulation of fabric properties can significantly shorten the research and development cycle and reduce experimental costs. Therefore, establishing predictable finite element models for fabric bending at the mesoscopic level to study the bending performance of fabrics can better meet the needs of modern product development. High-performance fabrics like Kevlar® and carbon fiber fabrics, celebrated for their strength and lightweight attributes, are extensively used in multifunctional products such as protective gear and sports equipment. A deeper understanding of the bending performance of these high-performance materials can further elevate the design and manufacturing standards of multifunctional products to meet complex application requirements.
 Taking the high-performance Kevlar® plain woven fabric as the research object, this paper proposes a mesoscopic finite element modeling method based on the sag bending of the fabric under its self-weight to simulate the bending mechanical response at the yarn level. The preprocessing module of the ABAQUS finite element software is utilized to model the buckling of the yarns and assemble them into plain woven fabrics. In this study, a linear elastic orthotropic material model is utilized, and linear reduced integration solid elements are meshed, followed by a mesh sensitivity analysis. A mesh size of 0.25 mm × 0.25 mm is ultimately selected. The fabric model is subjected to fixed boundary conditions and a global gravity load to simulate the bending of the fabric under gravity. Due to the complex contact nonlinearities between the yarns in the mesoscopic model, an explicit solver is used for the calculations. However, to mitigate numerical oscillations caused by the stability limitations of the explicit algorithm, damping is added as a control measure in this study. Through the aforementioned method, the bending of a 7 cm Kevlar® fabric under its self-weight is successfully simulated, and the droop displacement and deformation angle at the pendant end are extracted and compared with experimental results. The differences are found to be within 6%, and the bending shapes from the simulation and experiments are basically consistent, demonstrating good simulation results. To validate the model's generalizability, an 11 cm Kevlar® fabric model and a 9 cm glass fiber fabric model are also created. The droop displacement and deformation angles of these fabric models fall within the experimental error range, and the bending shapes of the models closely match the experimental results after contour similarity matching, indicating that the established fabric bending model possesses good generalizability.
 The mesoscopic model of fabric self-weight bending established in this paper provides a modeling approach for studying fabric bending performance at the yarn level, which helps to minimize the consumption of experimental fabrics and shorten the product development cycle.


Design and pressure simulation analysis of disability-friendly clothing for bedridden female individuals based on virtual clothing evaluation

HU Dandan, PENG Shuoyu, CHEN Qian

2025, 33(06):  71-81.  DOI: 10.12477/xdfzjs.20250609

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As we known, common clothing can have an impact on the daily life of bedridden patients and the occupational health of their nursing staff. Low back pain has become one of the focal points affecting the health level of nurses. To cater to the comfort needs of bedridden female patients and the convenience requirements of the nursing staff, in-depth interviews and field questionnaire surveys were conducted to summarise the physiological and psychological characteristics of both groups. Simultaneously, the functionality, comfort, and privacy aspects of the garments were addressed in a targeted manner.
Virtual fitting using CLO3D software can significantly shorten the design cycle, thereby enhancing the functional needs of both bedridden female patients and nursing staff. According to the preliminary research, this study designed a functional 'umbrella'-style top and trousers with a movable crotch and a front cross on the top. The sleeve openings are adaptable for the treatment and cleaning of all kinds of upper limbs. The trousers feature no traditional front or back crotch but instead incorporate two movable crotches, which effectively shield the privacy of bedridden individuals while also promoting good air circulation. The design not only safeguards the privacy of bedridden patients but also creates a pleasant and breathable environment for them. In the market, garments for bedridden patients often have excess fabric in the front abdomen and back areas, which can lead to increased pressure and a higher risk of bedsores. Additionally, the design may not align well with the physical structure of disabled individuals. The primary factor that affects the comfort of the garment is pressure comfort. To compare the pressure comfort of two garment designs (No. A and No. B), virtual pressure tests were conducted. Then the pressure values and pressure colour distribution were observed through the software interface. The results showed that in terms of overall pressure distribution, No. B garment outperformed No. A in the pressure distribution charts across three postures: supine, sitting, and side-lying. 
Subsequently, the study explored the adjustable range of pressure values of three gathering patterns in total. Each gathering pattern involved four-dimensional adjustments applied to 12 key measurement points. Different gathering patterns could alter the size of the garment material area and the sparsity thickness, which in turn influenced the pressure differentiation presented by each gathering method. In the test, the order of garment pressure comfort was wavy, rectangular, and diamond shapes. The dimensions of the wavy shape, sorted by pressure value, were 2.0 cm, 0.5 cm, 1.5 cm, and 1.0 cm, respectively; for the rectangular shape, the dimensions were 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm, 1.0 cm, and 0.5 cm; and for the diamond shape, the dimensions were 1.5 cm, 1.0 cm, 0.5 cm, and 2.0 cm. The pressure solutions can be used for the prevention and treatment of different clinical symptoms. Finally, by combining subjective evaluations with objective experimental analysis, a prototype garment was created to optimize comfort, ease of putting on and taking off, and facilitate nursing care. This innovation makes the garment more suitable for long-term use by women who lie down for extended periods.


Analysis of textile quality inspection data based on T-Apriori algorithm

LÜ Yanyan, XUE Wenliang, WEI Mengyuan, MA Yanxue

2025, 33(06):  82-90.  DOI: 10.12477/xdfzjs.20250610

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Currently, research on association rules for textile quality inspection data is still relatively limited and mostly in the preliminary exploration stage. There are few related studies on improvement schemes for the algorithms adopted in this field, and systematic optimization strategies have not yet been formed. Furthermore, using the traditional Apriori algorithm to mine association rules can be time-consuming in dealing with large datasets, and the determination of rule metric thresholds lacks transparency. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to address the issue of long computation times when mining association rules from unqualified textile quality inspection data, as well as to solve the problem of the subjective and non-transparent determination of the support threshold. 
The T-Apriori algorithm optimized based on the traditional Apriori algorithm was adopted. The core idea of this algorithm lies in compressing and storing the Boolean matrix of data in a triplet form. Specifically, each transaction in the Boolean matrix is converted into a set of triplets, where each non-zero element is represented as a triplet (i, j and v), with i and j being the row and column indices, and v being the value of the element. The dataset scanned by the algorithm is the converted triplet set, and the calculations of support, confidence, and lift are also performed using data retrieved from these triplet sets. Unqualified textile quality inspection data are very sparse, with most elements being zero, and triplets only store non-zero elements, thereby effectively reducing storage space and enhancing computational efficiency. For determining the support threshold, the trend in the number of itemsets corresponding to the frequency of candidate 1-itemsets is analyzed to adjust the support threshold, allowing it to better adapt to the characteristics of the data and identify relatively high-frequency itemsets. 
The experimental results show that the trend in the number of candidate 1-itemsets can be used to identify relatively high-frequent itemsets, and the support threshold for the itemset {brand and total unqualified inspection items} is set to 0.002. The T-Apriori algorithm demonstrates significant performance improvements compared to the traditional Apriori algorithm and its optimized version, C-Apriori. Its runtime is only 40% of that of the traditional Apriori algorithm. As the volume of data increases, the reduction in runtime for the T-Apriori algorithm is even more pronounced, as shown in Fig. 5. The lower the support threshold, the larger the difference in runtime between the T-Apriori algorithm and the traditional Apriori algorithm becomes, indicating a more significant reduction in runtime for the T-Apriori algorithm, as illustrated in Fig. 6. In summary, the T-Apriori algorithm exhibits superior processing performance in environments with large data volumes and low support thresholds. By mining textile quality inspection data from 2018 to 2023, 72 strong association rules are obtained, and based on these rules, two regulatory recommendations are proposed to the supervision department.The adoption of the T-Apriori algorithm greatly improves the analysis efficiency of textile quality inspection data, providing a more efficient data analysis tool for quality supervision and decision support . This has important practical application value.


Loading and antimicrobial properties of cyclodextrin-encapsulated allicin in pullulan/polyvinyl alcohol nanofiber membranes

ZHOU Lin, QIAN Yongfang, LÜ Lihua, GAO Yuan, ZHOU Xinghai

2025, 33(06):  91-99.  DOI: 10.12477/xdfzjs.20250611

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Due to the instability, irritating odor and non-electrospinning of Alli, its application in the food packaging industry has been limited to a certain extent. In this paper, biodegradable biobase is used as a film-forming material loaded with Alli inclusion, to improve the defects of Alli and enhance the value of Alli utilization. Currently, the preparation of biodegradable antimicrobial nanofiber membranes has become an important research direction in the food packaging industry. 
Alli has a spectral antibacterial effect and cyclodextrin (β-CD) has a hydrophobic cavity structure and is non-toxic. Alli/β-CD-IC was obtained by wrapping Alli molecules in β-CD molecules by rotary evaporation. Alli/β-CD-IC (1:3) with mass fractions of 2%, 4% and 6% were added to the PUL/PVA hybrid spinning solution, and electrostatic spinning was utilized to obtain PUL/PVA @Alli/β-CD-IC nanofiber membranes under a voltage 20 kV, flow rate of 0.4 mL/h, receiving distance of 13 cm, temperature of 23°C, and relative humidity of 38%.
Analyzing the scanning electron microscope images and observing the Alli/β-CD-IC images all showed irregular surfaces, which were different from the morphology presented by the pure β-CD, and the original morphology was significantly changed. In the PUL/PVA (7:3) mixture, there are smaller beads in the PUL/PVA @Alli/β-CD-IC nanofiber membrane, and the nanofiber membrane prepared by adding Alli/β-CD-IC has better morphology and uniform fiber diameter, which indicates that PUL/PVA@Alli/β-CD-IC nanofibers have a filamentous and continuous fiber structure. The analysis of infrared spectra and the comparison of PUL/PVA hybrid nanofiber membranes with PUL and PVA as-received fiber membranes showed that the O-H bond vibration peak was shifted, and there was intermolecular interaction between PVA and PUL. The spectra of the characteristic peaks of PUL/PVA nanofibrous membranes loaded with Alli/β-CD-IC were like those of PUL/PVA nanofibrous membranes, while the Alli/β-CD-IC characteristic peak disappeared. The XRD results showed that the peaks of PUL/PVA nanofiber membranes were shifted to the right, indicating that the close interaction between PUL and PVA molecules hindered the formation of a crystal structure, and the formation of hydrogen bonds through the interaction of PUL and PVA polymers resulted in the intermolecular interaction force that would act differently with different proportions of PVA. The peaks of the nanofiber membranes loaded with Alli/β-CD-IC were all shifted to the right and did not show any special peaks like those of Alli/β-CD-IC and sharp peaks of the crystal structure, suggesting intermolecular interactions that hindered the formation of crystals and led to an amorphous structure. The number of colonies on the solid medium was significantly reduced when 0.8 g of Alli/β-CD-IC was added in comparison, and the inhibition rate could reach 99.82±0.17%; the PUL/PVA @Alli/β-CD-IC nanofiber membrane prepared with loaded Alli/β-CD-IC had a significant inhibitory property on the growth of E. coli, and the inhibition rate could reach 99.91±0.07%. The experimental results showed that allicin and its inclusion complexes had significant growth inhibition effect on fungi.
Expanding the field of food packaging to prepare green and degradable antimicrobial nanomaterials, PUL and PVA were used as spinning substrates, loaded with Alli/β-CD-IC, and PUL/PVA @Alli/β-CD-IC nanofibrous membranes were prepared under certain spinning conditions, and the results are shown below. In this paper, in order to improve the Alli instability and unpleasant odor, Alli and β-CD were encapsulated with a mass ratio of 1:3, and the encapsulation efficiency reached 98.6%. The formed Alli/β-CD-IC still had a significant antimicrobial effect, and the inhibition rate could reach 99.82%. PUL and PVA were selected as the substrate membranes and loaded with Alli/β-CD-IC to improve the utilization of Alli/β-CD-IC, and the experiments proved that the degradable substrate membranes were loaded with Alli/β-CD-IC, and PUL/PVA @Alli/β-CD-IC nanofibrous membranes were successfully prepared to improve the application range of Alli. Different ratios of PUL/PVA @Alli/β-CD-IC nanofiber membranes inhibited the growth of E. coli with an antimicrobial efficiency of 99.91%. The degradable nanofiber membranes not only changed the defects of antimicrobial essential oils that were unstable and difficult to load, but also provided a new way of thinking about the application of Alli in different fields.


Preparation and in vitro biological properties of thermoplastic polyurethane-borosilicate bioglass composite fiber membranes

GAO Fulei, LIU Tao, HU Die, DING Xinbo

2025, 33(06):  100-109.  DOI: 10.12477/xdfzjs.20250612

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Currently, due to the enormous annual market demand for bone repair and replacement materials that enable rapid recovery from hard tissue injury diseases, it is highly necessary to develop biomaterials with certain bioactivity for bone defect repair, replacement, and even regeneration. In the field of bone tissue engineering, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a synthetic polymer that is considered one of the most promising biopolymers due to its exceptional mechanical properties and excellent biocompatibility. However, the application of TPU in bone tissue engineering is limited by its insufficient bioactivity and ability to induce the proliferation and differentiation of related osteoblasts. Borosilicate bioglass has attracted widespread attention from researchers due to its complete degradability after implantation and its easier complete conversion into hydroxyapatite. At the same time, the addition of trace element Se can further enhance the material’s properties and collectively promote tissue repair.
In this study, TPU-SeBSG bone repair composites were prepared using electrospinning technology with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and borosilicate bioactive glass (SeBSG) as raw materials. The effects of doping with different mass fractions of borosilicate bioactive glass on the micromorphology and chemical structure of the composites were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Subsequently, the physicochemical properties, in vitro antibacterial properties, in vitro bioactivity and biocompatibility of TPU-SeBSG composite fiber membranes were examined, and the influence of different SeBSG doping amounts on the physicochemical properties and in vitro biological properties of TPU-SeBSG composite fiber membranes was analyzed.
The results indicated that as the doping amount of SeBSG in TPU-SeBSG increased, the fiber diameter first increased and then decreased, and the distribution of fiber diameters became more uneven. Infrared spectrogram and elemental map verified that SeBSG was successfully loaded onto the fiber membranes, and the presence of SeBSG did not undergo a chemical reaction with TPU to modify its chemical structure. In terms of physicochemical properties, the TPU-SeBSG composite fiber membranes exhibited high porosity, and the hydrophilic property of the composite fiber membrane was optimal when the mass fraction of SeBSG reached 3%. The mechanical tensile properties of the TPU-SeBSG composite fiber membranes decreased with the addition of SeBSG, but the minimum elongation at break could be maintained above 300%. In terms of in vitro biological properties, the TPU-SeBSG composite fiber membranes exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, as well as excellent in vitro bioactivity and good in vitro biocompatibility. Based on the above experimental conclusions, it can be inferred that the TPU-SeBSG composite fiber membranes exhibit the best overall performance when the mass fraction of SeBSG reaches 3%, indicating its good application prospects in the field of bone tissue engineering in biomedicine.


Preparation of PCL/GEL nanofiber membrane and its adsorption properties

YANG Haizhen, WANG Yibing, MA Chuang, AN Yubo, LÜ Mengyan, CHEN Ge

2025, 33(06):  119-125.  DOI: 10.12477/xdfzjs.20250614

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Water pollution is a global issue that has posed threats to both aquatic and human life for decades. The severity of water pollution and its associated health problems has significantly escalated in the 21st century, primarily due to population growth and urbanization. It is estimated that global freshwater demand will increase by 35% by 2050, which will exacerbate the problems of water pollution and scarcity. Currently, various chemical, physical, and biological methods have been introduced to address the challenge of water purification. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a non-toxic, biodegradable hydrophobic polymer with excellent flexibility and plasticity. Gelatin (GEL) is a hydrophilic conductive cationic biopolymer with high biocompatibility and antibacterial activity. GEL exhibits the ability to bind to functional surfaces through electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. This paper focuses on the fabrication of PCL/GEL nanofiber membranes for heavy metal adsorption by combining PCL's superior mechanical properties and spinnability with GEL biopolymer's excellent hydrophilicity and surface charge density.
To construct the PCL/GEL nanofiber membrane, a volume ratio of 4:1 between PCL and GEL spinning solutions was employed. Utilizing electrospinning technology, uniform and smooth PCL/GEL composite nanofibers with an average diameter of 230.49 nm were prepared under conditions of a spinning voltage of 12 kV, a flow rate of 1 mL/h, and a spinning distance of 12 cm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a JY-82 video contact angle measuring instrument were used to analyze and test the surface functional groups, crystal structure, and water contact angle of the nanofiber membrane, respectively. The results indicated that the characteristic peaks of both PCL and GEL appeared in the FTIR spectrum of the PCL/GEL fiber membrane, with only intensity variations observed in the absorption peaks, indicating a physical mixture of PCL and GEL. Due to the low content of PCL in the PCL/GEL nanofiber membrane, the XRD pattern of PCL/GEL resembled that of pure GEL. Furthermore, the combination of GEL and PCL significantly enhanced the hydrophilicity of the PCL/GEL composite nanofiber membrane. This enhancement was primarily attributed to the abundance of polar groups such as −NH2, −OH and −COOH/−COO− in GEL, which can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. 
Finally, the adsorption properties of PCL, GEL, and PCL/GEL nanofiber membranes were evaluated using Cu2+ as the target ion. Adsorption experiments demonstrated that the optimal adsorption conditions for PCL/GEL nanofiber membranes to exhibit the best adsorption capacity for Cu2+ were as follows: an initial Cu2+ concentration of 600 mg/L, a pH value of 6, and an adsorption time of 2 hours. Under these conditions, the saturated adsorption capacity of the PCL/GEL nanofiber membrane was found to be 27.42 mg/g, which was more than twice that of the pure PCL nanofiber membrane. Additionally, the adsorption behavior of Cu2+ onto PCL/GEL nanofiber membranes was more consistent with the Langmuir model. These results demonstrate that PCL/GEL nanofiber membranes possess high Cu2+ adsorption capacity and have potential applications in the removal of heavy metal ions.


Influence of electrets on the performance of nanofiber membranes for air filtration

WANG Yuhong, XIAO Yan, CUI Qingyun, YANG Wenxiu

2025, 33(06):  126-132.  DOI: 10.12477/xdfzjs.20250615

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The importance of high-performance air filtration materials has become increasingly prominent as air pollution becomes increasingly severe. Consequently, the research and development of high-efficiency and low-resistance filtration materials have become urgent tasks. Electrets primarily play a role in enhancing filtration effectiveness and improving filtration efficiency in air filtration membranes. Electret materials can form an electrostatic field on the surface of the filtration membrane, strengthening the electrostatic adsorption to attract and capture small particles in the air, thereby improving filtration performance. Due to the electrostatic effect, the electret filtration membrane can effectively capture more particles under lower airflow resistance and prolong the service life. 
The three electret materials, GO (graphene oxide), TiO2 (titanium dioxide), and CS (chitosan), possess unique mechanical properties, adsorption capabilities, electrochemical characteristics, and antibacterial properties. These substances can control the diameters of electrostatic nanofibers at different levels, leading to varying pore sizes and consequently distinct filtration efficiencies and resistances. This paper reported the preparation of PAN (polyacrylonitrile)-based nanofiber membranes with improved filtration performance and reduced resistance by combining PAN with the three electrets of GO, TiO2, and CS using electrospinning technology. Firstly, the optimal spinning mass fraction of PAN was determined. Then, comparative experiments were conducted by combining PAN with different electrets. Subsequently, layered spinning was performed using spinning solutions doped with various electrets. In this paper, a series of tests were conducted on the prepared samples in terms of morphology composition, pore size measurement, wettability, tensile breaking strength, electret performance and filtration efficiency. Due to the differences in pore size and distribution, as well as fiber diameter among fiber webs with varying layers, the purpose of graded filtration for particles of different sizes can be achieved. Finally, the composite membrane was then analyzed for filtration efficiency and resistance to determine the best nanofiber membrane. 
The results indicate that the PGC composite nanofiber membrane exhibits advantages in pore size distribution, electret performance, and filtration performance. The average pore size of the PGC composite nanofiber membrane is 3.50 μm, with a water contact angle of 13.1°, a breaking force of 5.15 MPa, and a percentage of breaking elongation of 21.6%. The initial surface potential is 1.79 kV, and it stabilizes at 0.96 kV after 7 days. The filtration efficiency for PM2.5 particles reaches 99.9%, with a filtration resistance of 92 Pa.


Preparation and properties of poly (p-dioxanone) Janus micro/nanofiber membranes

XING Ruiquan, TIAN Xin, GUO Junyu, CHENG Jinxue, GUO Minjie

2025, 33(06):  110118.  DOI: 10.12477/xdfzjs.20250613

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Poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) is an aliphatic polyether ester recognized for its biodegradability and biocompatibility. The unique ether bonds in the molecular chain give PPDO good flexibility and broad application prospects in biomedicine. Janus micro/nanofiber membranes have the characteristics of high specific surface area, high porosity and asymmetric wettability, which can realize the special function of directional water transport, and have the application potential in tissue patches, novel wound dressings and other fields. Electrospinning is a commonly used method for preparing Janus fiber membranes, which can obtain micro/nanofiber membranes with diverse structures and functions by adjusting process parameters and coordinating multiple technologies. However, the poor interfacial bonding stability of heterogeneous materials in Janus fiber membranes limits their application. In this paper, Janus fiber membranes were constructed by layer-by-layer electrospinning with the structurally controllable PPDO micro/nanofiber membrane as the intrinsic transition layer to improve the interface bonding instability of heterogeneous material caused by excessive wetting gradient.
In the paper, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were used for hydrophilic modification of PPDO, and the CNC/PPDO hydrophilic layer was prepared by electrospinning. Subsequently, a PPDO intrinsic transition layer and a polylactic acid (PLA) hydrophobic layer were sequentially spun onto the surface of the hydrophilic layer using a layer-by-layer electrospinning method, and finally PPDO Janus micro-nano fiber membranes were obtained. This paper also investigated the impact of CNC mass fraction on the performance of the hydrophilic layer, the influence of the hydrophobic layer's thickness on the unidirectional wet permeability of Janus micro/nanofiber membranes, the effect of the transition layer on the stability of interfacial bonding, and the degradability of Janus micro/nanofiber membranes. The results showed that the fiber diameter and mechanical strength showed a first increase and then decrease pattern with the increase of the CNC mass fraction. Specifically, the CNC/PPDO fiber membrane with a CNC mass fraction of 15% has the largest fiber diameter and the best mechanical strength of 4.39 MPa. When this fiber membrane is used as the hydrophilic layer in the Janus membrane structure, it demonstrates a contact angle of 49.5°, a wicking height of 103 mm, and a water absorption rate of 190.28%. When the micro pump propulsion rate is 0.2 mL/h and the spinning time is in the 25–30 min range, the obtained PLA layer exhibits an appropriate thickness and stable interfacial bonding with the intrinsic transition layer of PPDO, ensuring stable-state water flow between the interface. The different diffusion performances of blue droplets in  hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers indicate that water can selectively penetrate the PPDO intrinsic transition layer in the Janus structure to realize a stable unidirectional water-conducting process. The hydrophilic layer is one of the main parts that determines the degradable Janus membrane, and in vitro degradation experiments of PPDO micro/nanofiber membranes with different CNC mass fractions and CNC/PPDO micro/nanofiber membranes show that the addition of CNC can delay the degradation of PPDO micro/nanofiber membranes and CNC/PPDO micro/nanofiber membranes.
This Janus micro/nanofiber membrane, which utilizes PPDO intrinsic material as its transition layer and is fully biodegradable, features a stable interface between hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers. It exhibits excellent unidirectional wet permeability and biodegradability, making it a promising candidate for medical applications such as novel wound dressings and tissue patches.