计算流体力学在服装传热性能评价中的应用

doi:10.19398/j.att.202103026

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为突破传统实验手段与一维数学模型的局限,一些研究者提出基于计算流体力学模拟人体-服装-环境系统的热量流动与传递过程,通过计算皮肤温度、传热系数等参数的方式评价服装的传热性能。文章概述了仿真方法解决服装传热问题的流程,揭示服装及人体几何模型建立、计算模型与边界条件设定的关键;从着装人体、服装结构、防护服装功能角度回顾了传热问题的国内外研究进展;总结了常用人体热生理模型的特征,介绍了热调节-CFD耦合系统在服装传热性能评价中的应用。现有模拟方法依然存在难以完全还原纺织材料、衣下空间分布、人体热反应等真实特性的问题,建议将动网格、用户自定义函数、数值模型耦合系统等作为深入研究方向,提高仿真评价的准确性。

关键词: 计算流体力学(CFD), 服装, 热传递, 热生理, 耦合系统

Abstract:

To break down the limitations of traditional experimental means and one-dimensional mathematical models, some researchers proposed to simulate the process of heat and flow transfer in human-clothing-environment system based on computational fluid dynamics. Through the calculation of skin temperature, heat transfer coefficient and other parameters, the heat transfer properties of clothing can be evaluated. This paper summarizes the procedure of simulation to solve clothing heat transfer issues, reveals key points on establishing geometries of clothing and human body, calculating models and setting boundary conditions; reviews the progress of heat transfer research at home and abroad from the perspectives of human body, clothing structure, and protective clothing functions; concludes the characteristics of common human thermal physiological models, and introduces how to construct thermal regulation-CFD coupling system in the evaluation. It is found that existing simulation methods are still difficult to completely restore the real characteristics of textile materials, clothing space distribution, and human thermal reaction. Finally, this paper proposes recommendations of conduct in-depth research on dynamic grids, user-defined functions, and numerical model coupling systems so as to enhance the accuracy of simulation evaluation.

Key words: computational fluid dynamics(CFD), clothing, heat transfer, thermophysiology, coupling system

中图分类号:

TS941

陈慧臻, 戴宏钦, 潘姝雯, 胡珏, 陈曦. 计算流体力学在服装传热性能评价中的应用[J]. 现代纺织技术, 2022, 30(2): 18-26.

CHEN Huizhen, DAI Hongqin, PAN Shuwen, HU Jue, CHEN Xi. Application of CFD in heat and flow transfer performanceevaluation for clothing[J]. Advanced Textile Technology, 2022, 30(2): 18-26.

图/表 6

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类型	分类	名称	特征与要求	描述现象
物理模型	湍流模型	low re k-ε^[18]	靠近地表,低雷诺数	流动传热
		SST k-ω^[14]	适合衣下微环境
		standard k-ε^[19]	高雷诺数充分湍流
		realizable k-ε^[15]	简单湍流,较常用
		laminar^[6]	层流流动
	辐射模型	WSGG-DO^[15]	适合任何光学厚度	辐射散热
	辐射模型	P1^[20]	适合复杂几何,光学厚度大于1	辐射散热
	组分运输	mixture material^[6]	定义无反应混合物分布	汗液蒸发燃烧
	组分运输	volumetric^[20]	非稳态,有限反应速率	汗液蒸发燃烧
边界条件	入口边界	velocity-inlet^[7]	不可压缩,指定流速	流体流入
		mass-flow-inlet^[9]	可压缩,指定质量流速
		fan^[19]	双向边界,指定风扇性能参数
	出口边界	outflow^[11]	自由流出,指定占比	流体流出
	出口边界	pressure-outlet^[7]	指定压力	流体流出
	壁面边界	heat flux^[6]	指定热通量	热交换
	壁面边界	temperature^[21]	指定温度	热交换

类型	分类	名称	特征与要求	描述现象
物理模型	湍流模型	low re k-ε^[18]	靠近地表,低雷诺数	流动传热
		SST k-ω^[14]	适合衣下微环境
		standard k-ε^[19]	高雷诺数充分湍流
		realizable k-ε^[15]	简单湍流,较常用
		laminar^[6]	层流流动
	辐射模型	WSGG-DO^[15]	适合任何光学厚度	辐射散热
	辐射模型	P1^[20]	适合复杂几何,光学厚度大于1	辐射散热
	组分运输	mixture material^[6]	定义无反应混合物分布	汗液蒸发燃烧
	组分运输	volumetric^[20]	非稳态,有限反应速率	汗液蒸发燃烧
边界条件	入口边界	velocity-inlet^[7]	不可压缩,指定流速	流体流入
		mass-flow-inlet^[9]	可压缩,指定质量流速
		fan^[19]	双向边界,指定风扇性能参数
	出口边界	outflow^[11]	自由流出,指定占比	流体流出
	出口边界	pressure-outlet^[7]	指定压力	流体流出
	壁面边界	heat flux^[6]	指定热通量	热交换
	壁面边界	temperature^[21]	指定温度	热交换

研究者	降温方式	模型类型	研究发现	模型验证
Choudhary等^[19]	腰侧风扇	三维扫描	冷却能力为154.73W	假人试验:躯干平均热流差异2.67%,上背部、腋下、上臂段局部差异显著真人试验:躯干平均对流传热系数测试值为16.019 W/(m²·K),模拟值为19.649 W/(m²·K)
Sun等^[29]	微风扇带	简化二维	入口流速为0.75m/s和1m/s时,对流、蒸发传热系数显著提高	入口流速0.25m/s时,模拟值与Qian等^[30]0.22m/s时对流和蒸发传热系数试验研究值相近
李杰^[6]	液冷通风	简化三维	通风气体影响较大,适当增加液冷管道内径、导热系数利于冷却换热	网格无关性验证:手臂250 万网格、躯干500 万网格、腿部300 万网格模型可靠性验证:对比张万欣等^[31]试验研究,认为趋势一致
谢鹏等^[32]	风扇相变	曲面三维	30℃以上环境降温明显,服装热阻增加有益降温	对比真人皮肤温度测试数据,确认模型降温配置方式的可靠性

研究者	降温方式	模型类型	研究发现	模型验证
Choudhary等^[19]	腰侧风扇	三维扫描	冷却能力为154.73W	假人试验:躯干平均热流差异2.67%,上背部、腋下、上臂段局部差异显著真人试验:躯干平均对流传热系数测试值为16.019 W/(m²·K),模拟值为19.649 W/(m²·K)
Sun等^[29]	微风扇带	简化二维	入口流速为0.75m/s和1m/s时,对流、蒸发传热系数显著提高	入口流速0.25m/s时,模拟值与Qian等^[30]0.22m/s时对流和蒸发传热系数试验研究值相近
李杰^[6]	液冷通风	简化三维	通风气体影响较大,适当增加液冷管道内径、导热系数利于冷却换热	网格无关性验证:手臂250 万网格、躯干500 万网格、腿部300 万网格模型可靠性验证:对比张万欣等^[31]试验研究,认为趋势一致
谢鹏等^[32]	风扇相变	曲面三维	30℃以上环境降温明显,服装热阻增加有益降温	对比真人皮肤温度测试数据,确认模型降温配置方式的可靠性

研究者	发表年份	节点描述	适用环境
Fiala等^[39]	1999	15段187节点,包含脑、肺、骨、肌肉、内脏、脂肪和皮肤	瞬态和稳态
Huizenga等^[40]	2001	任意分段,每段有4层身体与1层服装	瞬态和非均匀
Tanabe等^[41]	2002	16段65节点	瞬态和非均匀
Salloum等^[42]	2006	15段,每段分为核心、皮肤、动脉血、静脉血4节点	瞬态和稳态,冷热环境过渡
Weng等^[43]	2014	16段,每段4层	常温和48℃高温