Table of Content

10 January 2025, Volume 33 Issue 01

Previous Issue   

Creep response mechanism of nylon 6 industrial fibers under different loads

HE Hao, ZHANG Yingliang, LIU Chenjun, YIN Yaran, CHEN Kang, ZHANG Xianming,

2025, 33(01):  1-9. 

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Because of their excellent heat resistance, chemical resistance, high strength, and superior elastic properties, nylon 6 industrial fibers are widely used in tire cords, cables, geomaterials, and other industrial fields. Nylon 6 industrial fibers will creep during service under load conditions. The creep process involves changes in their internal microstructure, affecting their service performance. However, the creep properties and structural changes of nylon 6 industrial fibers under different load conditions are still unclear.
In this paper, the creep experiments of nylon 6 industrial fibers across various load ranges (20%‒70% average breaking load, ABL) were conducted, and the difference of creep properties of nylon 6 industrial fibers under different load conditions was compared. The microstructure changes of nylon 6 industrial fibers before and after creep under different load conditions were studied by using wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and birefringence techniques.
It can be seen from the creep experiment that the creep deformation rate of the sample increases with the increase of the creep load. When the creep load is not more than 40% ABL, both the elastic recovery rate and creep rate of the sample remain unchanged. However, when the creep load exceeds 40% ABL, there is a decrease in the elastic recovery rate accompanied by an increase in the creep rate. In order to explore the internal structural differences caused by creep at room temperature in nylon 6 industrial fibers under different creep loads, FTIR, WAXD, and SAXS were used to analyze the crystal type transformation, crystallinity, crystallite size, crystal orientation factor, fiber long period and lamellar structure of nylon 6 industrial fibers. Combined with birefringence and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), the multilayer structure changes of samples before and after creep tests under different creep loads were studied. The results obtained from FTIR, WAXD, and SAXS indicate that no crystal type transformation occurred during the creep process. Additionally, no significant changes were observed in the crystal structure parameters, including crystallinity, crystallite size, and crystal orientation factor of the nylon 6 industrial fibers. After creep recovery, the changes in the crystal structure of nylon 6 industrial fibers were almost completely recovered. SAXS and birefringence results show that the creep behavior of nylon 6 industrial fibers at room temperature mainly depends on the amorphous structure. When the creep load is low (≤40% ABL), the orientation and thickness of the amorphous zone in the nylon 6 industrial fibers will recover with the removal of the creep load, and when the creep load is high (> 40% ABL), the structure of the crystalline zone and the amorphous zone will recover. The orientation and thickness of the amorphous zone of nylon 6 industrial fibers will increase with the increase of creep load. This is due to the fact that the molecular chains in the amorphous region are oriented along the creep deformation under high creep load, and the molecular chains in the amorphous region with a small degree of orientation are gradually stretched and cannot be completely recovered, and some of the molecular chains in the amorphous region are transformed into oriented amorphous structures, and the thickness of the crystal region increases.


Evolution of structural properties of Nylon 66 industrial yarns under different pre-tensioning heat treatment conditions

HUANG Xinxin, CHEN Kang, YIN Yaran, ZHANG Xianming

2025, 33(01):  10-20. 

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With the increasing ratio of radial tires in the tire production, high-strength nylon 66 industrial yarns are widely used as the skeleton material for the production of cord fabrics, rubber hoses, conveyor belts and other products due to their excellent properties such as high strength, good heat and fatigue resistance, great dimensional stability, and particularly their strong adhesion to rubber substrates.
At present, there are few reports on the effects of specific processing steps, such as rubber dipping, vulcanization, and heat setting, on the structure and properties of nylon 66 industrial yarns. In order to explore the changes of corresponding relationships between the mechanical properties and microstructure, supramolecular and chemical structures of nylon 66 industrial yarns under short-term heat treatment, this paper simulated different pre-tensioning conditions during impregnation and post-processing of nylon 66 industrial yarns. The structure and properties of nylon 66 industrial yarns were analyzed by SAXS, WAXD and DMA testing methods. The results showed that after heat treatment with a pre-tension ranging from 0.001 cN/dtex to 0.36 cN/dtex for 5 minutes for nylon 66 industrial yarns, there was no significant change in the crystal structure, including grain size, crystal orientation, and crystallinity, as the pre-tension increases during heat treatment. The main effects were on the non-crystalline structure and conformational transitions. Specifically, when the pre-tension was between 0.001 cN/dtex and 0.20 cN/dtex, the transition of the trans-conformation to the gauche-conformation in nylon 66 industrial yarns was inhibited, slowing down the decreasing trend of the orientation degree in the non-crystalline region; when the pre-tension exceeded 0.20 cN/dtex, the rearrangement of molecular chain segments in the non-crystalline region became dominant, leading to an increase in the content of the trans-conformation, an increase in the orientation degree of the non-crystalline region, and an increase in the long period of the lamellar crystals while their diameter decreases.
The experiments show that in the short-time heat treatment of nylon 66 industrial yarns, setting the pre-tension within a reasonable range can help reduce the loss of mechanical properties during the heat treatment process.


Time-sequential regulation mechanism for the morphology and structure of chenille yarns and their spinning production

ZHANG Danni, XUE Yuan, JIN Shulan, LIU Qunhao, LOU Jun

2025, 33(01):  21-29. 

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In the traditional single-motor-driven spinning mode, the appearance, structure and color of chenille yarns have great limitations. Through the six-axis linkage control of the multi-degree-of-freedom chenille spinning system, the limitations of traditional craftsmanship can be overcome, allowing for time-sequential regulation of single or multiple structural parameters of chenille yarns. Thus, special chenille yarns with temporally changing morphologies and structures can be spun, and the goal of expanding the application field of chenille yarn products can be achieved, so that the core competitiveness of chenille yarn clothing products can be enhanced.
Based on the six-axis linkage control chenille spinning system, upgrades and modifications were made to the original chenille spinning mechanical system, drive system, and control system, and independent pile yarn output rollers were added, so that the pile yarn and the core yarn could be outputted according to different laws. Simultaneously, through the independent drive of six motors, various components of the chenille spinning machine, such as the rotating head, pile yarn feeding device, core yarn output device, spacer lifting device, spindle and ring frame lifting device could be independently driven. This enables effective adjustment of structural parameters such as linear density, diameter, pile yarn arrangement density and twist of the chenille yarn, ultimately realizing precise control over the molding form and structural changes of chenille yarns in a time-sequential manner.
In addition, based on the chenille yarn spinning platform, the classification of chenille yarns was proposed, and the digital regulation mechanism of structural parameters such as chenille yarns' linear density, diameter, pile arrangement, and twist was analyzed. Based on the digital regulation mechanism of chenille yarns, a digital characterization method of chenille yarns with the temporal variation of morphological structural parameters was proposed, and five primary types of chenille yarns were designed, each exhibiting distinct temporal variations in the morphological and structural parameters. Then, based on the pre-designed chenille yarn structure parameters and the five major types of chenille yarns with different time-sequential distribution laws of morphological and structural parameters, chenille yarns with special morphology and structure, including bubble chenille yarns, chrysanthemum chenille yarns, and big-belly chenille yarns, were designed and spun. The results show that the chenille spinning system based on six-axis linkage control operates well and can realize flexible spinning, which helps to promote the development of chenille fancy yarns with diversified styles, forms and colors, and to broaden its application fields.
In summary, the six-axis joint-control multi-degree-of-freedom chenille spinning system, which enables the spinning of chenille yarns with unique morphologies, structures, and color distribution patterns, is applied to the development of woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, tufted fabrics, etc., greatly enriching chenille apparel fabrics and home furnishing products, and bringing a new visual and tactile style, along with a fresh wearing experience, to chenille textiles.


Influence of the blending ratio on moisture diffusion and perspiration of polyerster/cotton blended plain fabrics

ZHANG Caiqian, MENG Shaoni, MA Haiyan

2025, 33(01):  30-35. 

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The most important factors affecting the moisture diffusion and perspiration performance of blended yarns or fabrics are the types of fibers and the blending ratio. In this paper, the resistance method was adopted to test the moisture diffusion and perspiration performance of summer polyester/cotton blended woven fabrics with different composition ratios. At the same time, the moisture diffusion rate and moisture permeability of the fabric were tested by dynamic moisture management tester and fabric moisture permeability meter, differences in moisture diffusion and perspiration performance of fabrics with different parameters were analyzed, and the performance variation law was obtained.
The test objects were ten polyester/cotton plain woven fabrics with different blend ratios. Some metal probes were inserted into the fabric sample as a resistance sensor. A precise volume of 0.2ml of simulated human sweat was measured by using an adjustable pipette and injected into the fabric through a dispensing tube. The data acquisition card was used to monitor the changes in resistance values between the probes after the simulated sweat diffused on the surface and inside the fabric. If the resistance value decreased from the order of GΩ to MΩ, the sweat had transferred to the probe position; if the resistance between the probes increased from the order of MΩ to GΩ, it indicated that the sweat had evaporated. The probes were distributed in the warp, weft, 30°, 45°, and 60° directions of the fabric. By detecting the resistance changes between these probes, the diffusion and evaporation properties of simulated sweat along different directions of the fabric could be obtained. A dynamic moisture management tester was used to test the moisture diffusion velocity of each fabric, and the drop diffusion time was compared with that of the resistance method. The fabric permeability meter was used to test the moisture permeability of the fabric, and the comfort performance of the fabric was evaluated comprehensively.
The conclusions are as follows: when the warp and weft yarns of the fabric are made of the same material, the tightness ratio between the warp and weft significantly affects the differences in moisture diffusion property in various directions. As the tightness ratio increases, the differences in sweat diffusion performance along various directions of the fabric also increase, showing a linear relationship; the fiber blending ratio, fabric tightness, and thickness of polyester/cotton blended fabrics have a significant impact on their moisture diffusion and perspiration performance. Due to the strong moisture absorption capability of cotton fibers but relatively weak water transport capability, as the proportion of cotton fibers in the blended fabric increases, the moisture diffusion and evaporation performance deteriorate, leading to longer diffusion and evaporation time for sweat along the fabric. Both the moisture diffusion and perspiration performance of the fabric worsen, and the fabric thickness and tightness also greatly affect its moisture diffusion and perspiration performance; as the cotton fiber content in polyester/cotton blended fabric increases, the moisture permeability of the fabric gradually improves. When the cotton fiber content in polyester/cotton blended fabric exceeds 50%, the moisture diffusion and perspiration performance lead to significant declines. Therefore, to ensure that the fabric has better moisture diffusion and perspiration performance, the cotton fiber content needs to be controlled below 50%. The results of this study can provide reference for the development of polyester/cotton fabrics, and also provide a basis for the selection and use of comfortable summer clothing.


Antimicrobial and far-infrared properties of interwoven silk/soybean protein fiber fabrics

ZHENG Mengyu , ZHANG Jinzhen, DING Yuanyuan, LEI Bin, ZHU Chengyan , ZHANG Hongxia

2025, 33(01):  36-43. 

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With the global advancement of environmental protection awareness, the textile industry is facing significant challenges. Traditional textile functional finishing agents are under strict regulation due to their negative impact on the environment. At the same time, consumers' demand for healthy textiles is also increasing, gradually relying on scientific research to bring functionality, health, and applicability to textile and apparel products.
The study aimed to develop a healthy, environmentally friendly and multifunctional textile fabric. Mulberry silk was chosen as the warp material, with silk and modified soy protein fiber being used as weft materials. To deeply investigate the impact of different mass fractions of fibers and fabric structures on the performance of the fabric, 15 groups of fabrics with different specifications were woven for trial. Among them, nine groups of fabrics were woven with different weft insertion ratios of the two types of weft yarns with the weft insertion ratios of the soy protein fiber to silk being: 0:1, 1:4, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and 1:0. Six groups were woven with different fabric structures, namely weft backed weave, twill weave, broken twill weave, five-heddle satin, eight-heddle satin, and honeycomb. The fabrics underwent tests for antibacterial properties and far-infrared emission performance, and regression equations were used to analyze the experimental data to reveal the relationship between various parameters and performance. The results show that as the mass fraction of modified soy protein fiber in the weft increases, the antibacterial properties of the fabric gradually enhance. This is mainly attributed to the natural antibacterial components in modified soy protein fibers, oligosaccharides, and saponins. Similarly, as the mass fraction of modified soy protein fibers in the weft increases, the far-infrared emission properties of the fabric also improve. This characteristic helps to improve human microcirculation and increase wearing comfort. Compared with previous literature and research, the conclusions drawn from this study are consistent with previous results and further verify the potential of protein fibers in environmentally friendly and multifunctional textile fabrics.
The study has successfully developed a healthy, environmentally friendly, and multifunctional textile fabric. Experimental results indicate that protein fibers, especially plant-based protein fibers, have great potential in functional development. Future research can further explore the application of different types of protein fibers and their combinations in textile fabrics, aiming to develop more diverse and superior-performing eco-friendly fabrics.


Analysis on the dyeability of plant dyes to polyester fabrics

KANG Xiaohu, LI Houming, SONG Kaili, YU Zhicheng,

2025, 33(01):  44-50. 

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With people's pursuit of healthy lifestyle and the popularity of intangible cultural heritage, fabrics dyed with natural dyes are not only in line with the concept of ecological health care, non-toxic and harmless, but also a kind of inheritance and development of traditional culture. As people begin to value the use of natural dyes, the dying of synthetic fibers, which have wide applications in various fields such as textile, apparel and home goods, is particularly important. However, there is currently a lack of theoretical research on the dyeing of synthetic fibers with natural dyes. Therefore, the research on the dyeability of natural dyes on polyester fibers and the development of corresponding dyeing processes and auxiliaries can not only partially reduce the dyeing chemical pollutants of polyester fabrics, but also enrich the color and functionality of fabrics. It lays a theoretical foundation for the research and development of plant dyes and their application on polyester fabrics, and is of great significance to promote the sustainable development of the clothing and decorative fabric industry.
In this paper, based on the theory of inorganic-organic property balance value, the effect of natural pigment IOB value on the dyeability of polyester fabrics was studied. The pigment components of natural dyes rhubarb, polygonum cuspidatum and lithospermum were qualitatively studied by high-erformance liquid chromatography, and the relative mass fraction of the single pigment component was quantitatively analyzed. The IOB values of natural dyes rhubarb, polygonum cuspidatum, lithospermum, natural indigo dye, grape seed dye and carmine dye were calculated and compared with the IOB values of polyester, and the IOB theory was verified by the  K/S value of polyester fabrics. The effect of mordant on K/S value and color fastness of polyester fabrics were studied by using alum and ferrous sulfate mordant and post mordant dyeing process. 
It was found that according to the theory of inorganic-organic property balance, the IOB values of rhubarb, polygonum cuspidatum, lithospermum and indigo were calculated to be 1.43,1.261,1.236 and 1.168, respectively, which were close to the IOB value of polyester (0.68), and had good dyeing K/S value and color fastness. The IOB values of grape seed and carmine were 1.87 and 2.8, respectively, and the dyeing effect was poor. After further treatment with ferrous sulfate, the K/S value of rhubarb dyed polyester fabric was increased to 1.31, and the light fastness was improved to 3-4 grades. The K/S value of polyester fabric dyed with polygonum cuspidatum was increased to 6.76, and the light fastness was increased to grade 4. The K/S value of the purple grass dyed polyester fabric was increased to 3.97, and the light fastness was increased to 2-3 levels.


Dyeing properties of blueberry pigment on modified cotton gauze

LI Ming, LIU Jianwei, XU Jianlin, TANG Li, WEI Wenli

2025, 33(01):  51-57. 

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In recent years, with the improvement of people's health concept, eco-friendly textiles have been increasingly favored by consumers. Pure cotton gauze stands as a high-grade textile, which is made of natural cotton fiber through spinning and weaving. Pure cotton gauze has the advantages of soft feel, moisture absorption, breathability, skin-friendly and no static electricity. Therefore, it can be used as baby blanket, underwear, bath towel, clothing and bedding. Plant dyes, sourced widely and being green and biodegradable, are extensively used in textile dyeing and printing. Dyeing pure cotton gauze with natural plant dyes can not only minimize the potential harm of dyes to the human body but also enhance the added value, versatility, and eco-friendliness of the material.
To develop high-grade pure cotton gauze dyeing products, this paper focused on natural blueberry pigment dyes and pure cotton gauze as the primary research objects. Firstly, pure cotton gauze was modified by chitosan, cationic quaternary ammonium salt and silane coupling agent KH550. The K/S values of pure cotton gauze under different modification reagents were investigated respectively. Then, the direct dyeing process parameters (pH value, bath ratio, temperature and time) of pure cotton gauze were optimized to obtain a better dyeing process. Finally, to improve the color depth of pure cotton gauze, the effects of mordant (lanthanum chloride, tannic acid and carrageenan) and mordant dyeing methods (pre-mordant dyeing, syn-mordant dyeing and post-mordant dyeing) on the dyeing effect of gauze were studied. At the same time, the color fastness, UV resistance, moisture absorption, thermal conductivity, and oxidation resistance of dyed cotton gauze were tested.
The results show that cationic quaternary ammonium salt-modified cotton gauze can effectively improve the dyeing ability of blueberry pigment, and the dyeing effect is relatively good. The optimal conditions for direct dyeing of pure cotton gauze are: a pH value of 8, temperature at 50°C, duration of 30 minutes, and a bath ratio of 1:40. After mordant dyeing of pure cotton gauze with lanthanum chloride, the color depth value of the gauze increases. After dyeing, the color fastness to rubbing and washing of pure cotton gauze can reach more than grade 3, the moisture absorption and thermal conductivity are reduced, and the UV protection performance and oxidation resistance are improved.
The blueberry is a nutritious blue berry. Its primary components include cellulose, protein, anthocyanins, polyphenols, flavonoids, and other substances. Blueberries are known for their beauty-enhancing properties, ability to protect vision, and anti-aging benefits. Furthermore, they can be used to treat hypertension, hyperglycemia, and regulate intestinal flora. At present, there are few reports on the application of blueberry pigment in textiles. Further research is needed to broaden the application field of blueberry pigment.


A clothing image attribute prediction method integrating attention mechanism and improved ResNet50

YOU Xiaoronga, LI Shufangb, SHAO Hongyana,

2025, 33(01):  58-64. 

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In recent years, with the popularity of online shopping, a large number of clothing images have emerged on the Internet. How to automatically extract key information from these massive clothing images has become a hot topic in current research. Through analyzing and identifying the relevant attributes of these clothing images and combining them with information such as price, sales volume and user comments, intelligent recommendations and trend predictions can be further achieved. This not only helps merchants grasp market demand in advance and formulate more accurate marketing strategies and business decisions but also provides designers with valuable creative inspiration. However, labeling the attributes of a large number of clothing images is also a tedious and costly task for online clothing sellers. Therefore, researching the classification and prediction of clothing image attributes has important practical significance and application value. 
To improve the prediction accuracy of clothing image attributes and to address the inefficiency of manual labeling of clothing image attributes, this paper proposes a clothing image attribute prediction method integrating the attention mechanism and improved ResNet50. This method improves the network structure of the ResNet50 model to adapt to the clothing multi-attribute prediction task and introduces the attention mechanism into the improved ResNet50 model to capture the detailed features of clothing attributes to improve the prediction accuracy. The method not only applies the improved deep learning algorithm to clothing attribute prediction, but also verifies the effectiveness of the method in clothing attribute prediction. It can effectively improve the accuracy of clothing image attribute prediction and identify attribute categories with superior prediction outcomes, providing new ideas for realizing the automatic labeling of clothing image attributes. The experimental results show that in the absence of the attention mechanism, the method based on the improved ResNet50 outperforms the traditional multi-label classification method in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, with the accuracy increasing by 25.96%. On the whole, the ResNet50 model performs better than the ResNet34, EfficientNet_V2, and VGG16 models in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. Compared with the method without the introduction of the CBAM attention mechanism, the ResNet50 method enhanced with CBAM improves the accuracy by 1.72%. In the prediction of each attribute category, the pattern, sleeve type, and style performed well, while the accuracy of the collar type is only 0.684, which is not good. In addition, the fabric and tightness show high accuracy but low recall. In future research, higher quality datasets can be built for training, and certain clothing attribute categories can also be studied separately to improve the prediction accuracy of the model. 


Morphological classification and three-dimensional feature analysis of chest and back of adolescent girls in developmental stage

DENG Xianfenga, FANG Fanga, b, JIANG Mengmenga

2025, 33(01):  65-74. 

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For adolescent girls, fitted bras can provide support for the chest and help maintain body balance, while adjusting the shoulder strap to ensure its appropriate length can help maintain the vertical posture of the body and keep natural spinal curvature, so as to reduce the burden on the back and reduce the risk of kyphosis. Therefore, the design of the pattern and structure of the girls' bras relies on the study of the shape of the girls' chest and back. The measurement and analysis of the chest and back and the subdivision of the shape are particularly important.
Descriptive statistical analysis and cluster analysis of chest and back related data were carried out on the data of 55 adolescent girls collected manually. Through variable system clustering of 21 direct measurement variables and seven derivative variables, six indexes representing chest and back morphology were extracted and the samples were clustered. The best classification was divided into four categories, and the characteristics of each type of sample were described. The results showed that there were obvious differences among various types of samples, which could well distinguish the chest and back morphology of adolescent girls at different developmental stages. The reverse engineering software Geomagic studio was used to define the feature points and breast boundary of the data. At the same time, the local coordinate system of the breast was constructed. According to the local coordinate system and the ground coordinate system, the breast bottom section, cross section and sagittal section curve were extracted, and the area enclosed by each section curve was calculated for the analysis of chest shape characteristics. According to the ground coordinate system, the triangle ratio of shoulder section was defined for the analysis of back shape. Two adolescent girls and two young women were selected to compare the chest and back shapes. The results showed that although the chest circumference and chest difference of teenage girls were consistent with those of young women, the fullness of their chests was smaller than that of young women. In terms of back morphology, the adolescent girls in the sample did not show obvious kyphosis during the measurement process, but it did not mean that the group would not have kyphosis due to psychological factors during development. The study found that the chest difference of adolescent girls in the development period is small, the chest shape is mainly narrow, the breasts are relatively folded, the back shape is normal, and there are some chest protrusion and kyphosis. There are obvious differences in chest shape among the four types of chest and back shapes. For adolescent girls and young women with the same chest circumference, the fullness of each section of girls' breasts is less than that of young women. In terms of back shape, girls did not show obvious kyphosis during the measurement process.
This study analyzes the chest and back shape of girls in the development period, and clearly distinguishes the difference between the chest shape of girls and that of young women, so as to make the design of girls' underwear products more in line with the morphological characteristics of the group. The analysis of adolescent girls' back morphology mainly focuses on whether there is a significant  kyphosis phenomenon, while there is a lack of analysis of other back-related morphology. Therefore, follow-up research can refine the analysis of adolescent girls' back morphology.


Study on the body shape of boys aged from 9 to 14 based in Jiangsu province

YOU Li, Wang Jing, YANG Liangbo, CHEN Fei, YAN Fangyinga, XU Honghui, KE Yingb

2025, 33(01):  75-83. 

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The purpose of this study is to explore the body shape differences among boys aged from 9 to 14 in Jiangsu province. Economic development and improved living conditions have led to significant changes in the body types of Chinese children, exhibiting notable regional and gender variations, as well as diversity. The existing children's clothing size standards are outdated and do not fully reflect these changes. Therefore, there is an urgent need to update the data and classification standards to better meet the demands of the children's clothing market. The primary objective of this study is to classify the body types of boys aged from 9 to 14 in Jiangsu province through scientific measurement methods and data analysis, further optimize the relevant children's clothing size standards, and provide guidance for the design and production of children's clothing.
In this study, 14 key body size measurements of boys aged from 9 to 14 in Jiangsu province were obtained by combining contact manual measurement and non-contact three-dimensional scanning technology. The collected data were processed and analyzed by using descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and K-means clustering analysis. The results showed significant differences in body development among different age groups. Based on the results of descriptive statistical analysis, it was observed that as age increased, the growth rate of boys' height slowed down significantly, with boys aged from 9 to 11 growing faster than those aged from 12 to 14. Furthermore, correlation analysis results indicated that body-to-chest ratio, body-to-waist ratio, and body-to-hip ratio were more correlated with BMI than traditional indicators such as chest-to-waist difference and waist-to-hip difference, making them more suitable for classifying children's body types. Finally, through K-means clustering analysis, the body types of boys aged from 9 to 11 and 12 to 14 were divided into three categories: S (short and thin), M (medium), and L (tall and strong). Among boys aged from 9 to 11, the proportions were 31.10% (S), 38.28% (M), and 30.62% (L), while among boys aged from 12 to 14, the proportions were 19.19% (S), 62.63% (M), and 18.18% (L). These results indicate that as boys age, their body shapes tend to stabilize, with a higher proportion of medium body types.
Studying the classification of body types among children of different age groups is beneficial for revising and optimizing the children's clothing size standards in Jiangsu province, providing enterprises with reference for designing and producing clothing that better fits the actual body types of children in the region. To enhance the general applicability of the results, future research will include more regional samples, so as to further provide reference for the nationwide optimization of children's clothing size standards.


Research progress on alternating current electroluminescent fibers and their intelligent interactive applications

LIU Shukun, WANG Hang, TIAN Mingwei

2025, 33(01):  84-92. 

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Alternating current electroluminescence (ACEL) has attracted widespread attention as a unique display technology. Traditional ACEL devices generally use rigid materials as the substrate, so the resulting products are usually rigid and brittle, greatly limiting their application and development in the flexible field. In contrast, flexible ACEL devices have extremely high deformation ability and can still function stably in stretching, bending, folding, and twisting states, demonstrating enormous application potential in the field of intelligent interaction. Therefore, combining multi-dimensional and multi-scale textiles or one-dimensional linear fibers with ACEL functions can give ACEL devices advantages such as flexible processing and good user experience, making it a hotpoint of current scientific research. At present, knitting or weaving ACEL fibers into luminescent textile devices can not only meet the needs of intelligent wearability, but also give textiles additional functions. Meanwhile, due to the continuous advancement of component materials (phosphors, dielectrics, and conductive substrates) and the integration with other technologies, the luminescent performance of flexible ACEL fibers has been significantly improved and other unique characteristics have been obtained, making ACEL devices suitable for multifunctional display interaction and intelligent sensing interaction.
Although some previous articles have been reported on flexible ACEL devices, most of them have not focused on the field of flexible ACEL fibers. At the same time, the research progress on textile-based ACEL devices in the field of intelligent interaction is not complete and in-depth enough. Therefore, in order to optimize the performance of flexible ACEL fibers and expand their practical application scenarios, strengthen the research depth and breadth of textile-based flexible ACEL devices in the field of intelligent interaction, and promote the technological progress and application progress in the field of flexible ACEL, this article provides a comprehensive and systematic summary. First of all, this article introduces the principles of flexible ACEL fibers and explains the impact of alternating current's voltage and frequency on the luminous intensity and color of ACEL fibers from a microscopic perspective. Based on the principles of flexible ACEL fibers, this article elaborates on their characteristics in detail, including textile processability and photoelectric properties. Secondly, this article focuses on discussing the two structures of flexible ACEL fibers and comparing their advantages and disadvantages. Combining with the research progress of flexible ACEL fibers in recent years, the article elaborates the processing methods of different structures of flexible ACEL fibers, and compares the performance of the prepared flexible ACEL fibers. Finally, this article makes a summary and provides a detailed analysis of the challenges and opportunities faced by flexible ACEL fibers. It also provides prospects for the future development direction of flexible ACEL fibers.


Effects of Ni-Fe-B alloy deposition on graphitization of carbon fiber felt

WU Junfang, HAO Peng, PAN Yunqiong, LIU Rong, GU Wei, DAI Jiamu, ZANG Chuanfeng

2025, 33(01):  93-101. 

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Graphite fiber felt is a key component of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, namely the substrate of the gas diffusion layer, and its good performance is a prerequisite for ensuring the stable operation of the battery. Ensuring the excellent conductivity and chemical stability of graphite fiber felt requires high-temperature graphitization treatment, but the extremely high energy consumption leads to a significant increase in the preparation cost of graphite felt, and the degree of graphitization cannot be rapidly improved, which is not conducive to the improvement of product performance. At present, catalytic graphitization is one of the main methods to reduce energy consumption and improve the degree of graphitization.
Metal or B is commonly used to catalyze the graphitization of carbon materials. Transition metals, due to the special electronic configuration of the d-layer, are prone to receiving electrons from carbon, thereby dissolving carbon. At this time, carbon-carbon bonds will be broken by metal catalysts at the interface between disordered carbon and metal, and then carbon will dissolve in solid or molten metal, precipitating graphite carbon. Metal alloys composed of Fe3+and Ni2+ions can significantly reduce the graphitization temperature. At high temperatures, transition metals Ni and Fe are selected as precursors for graphitization catalysts.
B can accelerate the graphitization of carbon materials. During the catalytic graphitization process, it can replace the carbon atoms in the hexagonal carbon ring or insert itself into the gaps of the graphite layer, catalyzing the continuous growth of graphite carbon. The catalytic performance of B based catalysts is not sensitive to the particle size of the catalyst and the type of carbon used, which has prominent advantages for metal based catalysts. Although B doping methods have been used for the catalytic graphitization of carbon, with most studies on the catalytic graphitization of carbon by B alone or B with single metals, there is relatively little research on B and alloys. Therefore, this paper introduces B and Ni-Fe alloys with catalytic graphitization properties during the graphitization process of carbon fiber felt.
The present study utilized the electrodeposition method to prepare Ni-Fe-B alloy and investigated the effects of B and the alloy on catalytic graphitization of carbon fiber felt. After heat treatment, the influence of different FeSO4·7H2O mass concentrations in Ni-Fe-B alloy on the structure and properties of carbon fibers was studied. The results showed that when carbon fiber felt was electrodeposited in an electrolyte with a FeSO4·7H2O mass concentration of 100 g/L and subsequently heat treated, the graphitization rate could reach up to 90.77%, while the surface resistivity decreased from 1.99 mΩ·cm to 0.82 mΩ·cm, a decline of 58.69%. This indicates that Ni-Fe-B alloy can catalyze graphitization of carbon fiber felt at high temperatures (2,400 ℃), successfully transforming disordered carbon fibers into ordered graphite fibers.


Controllable preparation of CA/SF porous fiber membranes and their application in liquid separation

LI Bing, LU Yutao, ZHANG Lixia, ZHANG Zuxian, GAO Rongman, XIONG Jie, GUO Fengyun

2025, 33(01):  102-109. 

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At present, oil spills and oily wastewater discharges have a great negative impact on our natural ecological environment and human living environment, and leaked oily wastewater is also a misplaced natural energy source. Many wastewater treatment devices themselves also have certain negative impacts on the environment. In this case, it is necessary to find an environmentally friendly material for the preparation of filter materials. This paper, with cellulose acetate (CA) and silk fibroin (SF) as raw materials, employed the electrospinning technique to fabricate CA/SF porous fiber membranes.
Natural macromolecular fibers, cellulose acetate and silk fibroin are environmentally friendly, and the modification of the two fibers has received extensive research and attention. After degumming, dialysis and freeze-drying, the finished silk fibroin has a broad application prospect as a flexible textile. As the most abundant source of natural macromolecular polymers, cellulose has a rich and diverse structure and has diverse applications, making it suitable as a filter material. Electrospinning is a simple and efficient technique for preparing nanofiber materials. Electrospinning spins molten polymers into nanofibers or ultrafine fibers under the action of a controllable high-voltage electric field. It can be seen from the scanning electron microscopy that smooth, uniform, continuous and bead-free nanofibers were successfully prepared. From the tensile strain-tensile strength curve of the porous fiber membrane, it can be judged that the fiber membrane has basic self-sustaining mechanical properties. Porosity decreases as the proportion of ethanol in the treatment solvent decreases, and porosity increases with increasing temperature and time in the mixed treatment solvent. Through the analysis of air permeability, the results show that when the proportion of ethanol or water in the treatment solution is high, the air permeability of the fiber membrane is high, and the air permeability increases with the increase of temperature and time. Through the analysis of the wettability of the composite porous fiber membrane, as the proportion of water in the mixed processing solvent increases, the water contact angle of the fiber membrane prepared shows an increasing trend. 
Porosity, air permeability, and wettability results indicate that the performance parameters of the composite porous nanofiber membrane can be changed by changing the treatment conditions during the post-processing of the fiber membrane. The porous composite nanofiber membrane produced under different treatment conditions of the fiber membrane can facilitate selective permeation and separation of various mixtures, including oil-water and oil-oil mixtures. The results show that the porous CA/SF fiber membranes obtained through simple solution treatments exhibit tunable performance parameters. These membranes, tailored to different performance specifications, hold promise for effective liquid separation applications.


Preparation of a SiO2/TiO2/PVDF-CA sheath-core nanofiber membrane and its passive daytime radiative cooling performance

LIU Weichao, GUO Weiyang, SONG Lixin, XIONG Jie

2025, 33(01):  110-117. 

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This study proposes a design scheme of SiO2/TiO2/PVDF-CA sheath-core nanofiber membranes intended for the emerging passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC). PDRC is a novel cooling technology that effectively dissipates the heat from objects by achieving a balance in radiative heat exchange, thereby lowering the temperature. Based on high solar reflectance and high and mid-infrared emissivity, this study designed a STNs/PVDF-CA sheath-core nanofiber membrane with a complex microstructure to achieve outstanding radiative cooling performance.
The study began by preparing SiO2/TiO2 nanoparticles (STNs), which exhibited high solar reflectance (90%) and mid-infrared emissivity (95%) within specific ranges. It is confirmed by using TEM and XRD techniques to analyze the morphology and structure of STNs that TiO2 synthesized by hydrothermal method is coated on the surface of SiO2. Moreover, it is found that STNs have a significantly higher average reflectance in the ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelength range compared to SiO2. Additionally, it confirms a positive correlation between the increase in nanoparticle diameter and the peak shift of reflectance towards longer wavelengths within a certain range. Subsequently, STNs/PVDF-CA nanofiber membranes with CA as the core layer and STNs/PVDF as the sheath layer were prepared by using coaxial electrospinning.
Further experiments demonstrate that embedding STNs into PVDF-CA sheath-core nanofiber membrane achieves excellent solar reflectance capabilities. Furthermore, the nanofiber membrane exhibits significant emissivity within the atmospheric transparency window, providing ideal mid-infrared emission performance for PDRC. The study validates the cooling effect of the STNs/PVDF-CA sheath-core nanofiber membrane through a series of experiments, including simulated sunlight exposure and outdoor testing in high-temperature environments. The results indicate significant superiority in temperature reduction compared to cotton fabric, with a maximum cooling effect of 7.1°C.
In conclusion, the STNs/PVDF-CA sheath-core nanofiber membrane excels in solar reflectance and mid-infrared emission, offering a novel and efficient solution for PDRC technology. This study not only showcases the outstanding performance of the nanofiber membrane in high-temperature environments but also provides an alternative approach to improve personal thermal comfort.


Design of an micro-typed electrospinning instrument and its application in the development of nanofiber-based instant hydrating masks

LIU Yanbo, , YANG Congcong, YANG Mengxue, CHEN Lunxiang, HU Quanzhi, JI Hua, YANG Bo

2025, 33(01):  118-125. 

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In recent years, with the rising living standards in China, consumer attitudes have gradually shifting. Women and even men have an increasing high pursuit of skin care, and the consumer base for facial masks has been expanding. Owing to their high porosity, large specific surface area, high air permeability, and small pore size within the fibers, nanofibrous membranes prepared by electrospinning technology have the characteristics of great specific surface area, excellent porosity, perfect adhesive biocompatibility, good moisture retention and water holding capacity. Therefore, it is of great significance to build a micro-typed electrospinning instrument to prepare nanofiber-based facial masks to occupy the high-end facial mask market in China. The micro-typed electrospinning instrument studied in this project is small in size, convenient to carry or move, and the charge will tend to gather at the position with the largest curvature and the strongest adsorption force (namely needle tip). It enables continuous and stable electrospinning, and it does not require disassembly of the device for battery replacement, so it can be directly charged and used, and the electrospinning can be used continuously. It marks a significant advancement in the nanofiber production technology via electrospinning, and its application in medical aesthetic masks promises to be a breakthrough in the field of nanofiber masks. 
Based on the design scheme of a mobile electrospinning device with current extraction, this study used COMSOL finite element analysis software to analyze and discuss the electric field uniformity of the liquid surface at the outlet of the nozzle with different spinning-methods, explored the influence law of electrospinning voltage and collection distance on the electric field strength, and determined the optimal data of spinning-methods. Soluble nanofiber facial masks were fabricated by using the electrospinning method, and the effects of different solution ratio, applied voltage, collection distance and liquid supply speed on the surface morphology of nanofiber were explored. Then the properties of nanofiber facial mask were comprehensively analyzed to highlight the advantages of the nanofiber facial mask. 
When the diameter of the conical spinning head was 0.6 mm, the length was 8 mm, the receiving distance was 120 mm, and the spinning voltage was 25 kV, the average electric field strength was 1.2×10^8 V/m. A water-soluble nanofiber membrane was prepared by mixing PEG-14M, HA, and 1,3-BDO in a 40:1:4 ratio to form the spinning solution. Subsequently, various properties of the fiber membrane were analyzed. Using a 10% PEG/HA/BDO (PHB) solution, the liquid supply speed was 0.2 ml/h, the receiving distance was 200 mm, and the spinning voltage was 25 kV. The average fiber diameter was 284.8 nm, with a CV value of 19.8% and exhibiting uniform fiber distribution, resulting in an 81% increase in skin moisture. It dissolved completely in deionized water within 6 seconds. Therefore, the PHB facial mask developed by the micro-typed electrospinning instrument is a convenient and economical instant nanofibrous facial mask, where the effective small molecules can be quickly absorbed by the skin, resulting in shortening the skin care time.