Table of Content

10 May 2025, Volume 33 Issue 05

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The application of odor fingerprinting technology in textile testing

WU Wei, WU Jiayao, CHEN Jiahua, ZHENG Jingjing

2025, 33(05):  1-9. 

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Accurate identification of textile odor is important for regulating the market and monitoring the printing, dyeing and finishing processes of production. Traditional detection methods face many challenges, and odor fingerprinting technology has become a cutting-edge detection technology due to its objectivity, reliability and high reproducibility. This technique not only efficiently detects the volatile components of samples but also facilitates rapid, non-destructive, and accurate analysis of characteristic odorants. This paper reviews the basic principles of odor fingerprinting technology and its application in textile testing, ultimately aiming to provide novel insights and ideas for textile odor detection.
Odor fingerprinting technology mainly includes electronic nose technology and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Electronic nose, as a bionic detection tool, can fully capture the odor characteristics of the sample and quickly analyze the odor components through the gas sensor array, which is suitable for textile fiber identification, volatile organic gas detection and textile fragrance persistence assessment. GC-MS integrates the advantages of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and is widely used in the identification of textile odors, evaluation of deodorization performance, and detection of chemical residues. However, the accuracy of GC-MS depends on sample pretreatment techniques, such as ultrasonic-assisted extraction, accelerated solvent extraction, and headspace solid-phase microextraction. In this paper, the relevant studies and results of these techniques are summarized. In addition, new techniques such as headspace gas-phase ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry have been used for textile odor analysis, providing new perspectives for the identification of odor components. Current research in odor fingerprinting technology focuses on the improvement of electronic nose sensor arrays and sample preparation methods for textile volatile compounds. Electronic nose sensors have been enhanced by increasing sensor types and optimizing materials to improve detection sensitivity, while GC-MS is mainly used to detect residual compounds in textiles, such as printing and dyeing auxiliaries, pesticide residues and flame retardants.
Although odor fingerprinting technology has been applied in textile odor detection, it still faces challenges such as complex data classification and insufficient characterization of feature information. In the future, there is a need to  further develop the odor fingerprint database, systematically classify textiles, and establish standardized methods to ensure the consistency and comparability of odor data. Due to the complexity of odor formation, it is necessary to comprehensively use multidimensional analysis techniques to comprehensively reveal the chemical composition of odors. With the development of computer technology, a variety of data processing methods can be employed to achieve feature extraction and pattern recognition of large-scale odor fingerprint data, so as to deeply analyze the patterns and characteristics of odor fingerprint data.


Research progress of polyurethane materials in the field of new intelligent textile and clothing

YAO Yi, JIN Zimin, MENG Ranju, GAO Huiying

2025, 33(05):  10-21. 

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Polyurethane, abbreviated as PU, is a polymer material formed by the addition polymerization of isocyanates and polyhydric alcohols. It is widely used in the field of textiles. Since DuPont achieved industrial spinning production of PU materials in 1959, PU-based elastic fibers have been significantly applied in in high-end clothing chemical fiber fields such as outdoor clothing, sportswear, swimwear, and casual wear. PU materials are not only equipped with excellent mechanical strength, elasticity and abrasion resistance, but also show good interfacial adhesion ability. In the technological innovation of intelligent textile and clothing, PU materials play an increasingly important role, promoting the development of smart wearable clothing.
The various applications of PU materials in the field of intelligent textile and clothing focus on shape memory fibers, conductive sensing fabrics and environmentally responsive textiles. Shape memory PU-based fibers utilize temperature and humidity changes to achieve morphological memory, and are widely used in wrinkle-resistant, non-ironing, and waterproof apparel. Conductive sensing fabrics are prepared through methods such as coating, doping spinning, electrospinning, and blended weaving, achieving integrated electronic skin and health monitoring functions. Environmentally responsive PU-based fabrics, on the other hand, have been applied in clothing that adapts to different environmental conditions by introducing light responsive, pH responsive, humidity responsive, and heat responsive units. This article also explores the application of PU-based multifunctional coatings in flame retardancy, antibiosis, radiational cooling, and leatherette imitation, demonstrating the important role of PU materials in promoting the development of intelligent textiles.
In recent years, the continuous innovation of PU-based materials and intelligent machining technology has facilitated the development of intelligent textile and clothing. The biocompatibility, biodegradability, excellent mechanical strength, and good interfacial adhesion properties of PU-based materials have shown great potential in the processing of shape memory fabrics, smart wearable apparel, environmentally responsive fabrics, and multifunctional textile apparel. However, there are still challenges in integrating intelligent PU-based fibers and functional coatings into daily clothing in a low-cost, sustainable, and batch-processable manner. In future research, it is necessary to focus on the industrial validation of PU-based intelligent textiles, comprehensively evaluate their wearability, and accelerate the synthesis of biomass PU and the development of green PU-based textiles to achieve the vision of smart living.


Comparison of characteristics of melt blown air turbulence and fiber movement 

CHEN Xinyu, XIE Sheng

2025, 33(05):  22-28. 

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In melt blown process, the airflow plays a crucial role in the process of superfine fiber formation. Numerous previous theoretical models have emerged on fiber stretch mechanism. However, these models are based on the steady air flow. In contrast, the melt blown airflow is characterized by unsteady turbulence with a high Reynolds number. To further explore the stretching mechanism of the polymer fiber during melt blown process, the unsteady characteristics of the air turbulence in melt blowing were explored.
The characteristics of melt blown air turbulence were numerically simulated by using the detached eddy simulation (DES) model. Subsequently, the melt blown air turbulence was measured experimentally by particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) and the experimental results were compared and verified against the numerical simulation results. Finally, the fiber path in the spinning process of melt blowing was captured by high-speed photography technology, and the fiber path was compared with air turbulence. 
The results showed that, as the inlet air velocity gradually increased, the instability of air turbulence appeared closer to the face of melt blown die. When the inlet velocity reached a critical value, a regular and obvious turbulent oscillation phenomenon appeared in the triangle area of air re-circulation. The characteristic of air oscillation can be described as that air oscillates from left side of the limit position to the right side limit position and then turns back to the left limit position, and form a repeating cycle. It showed that the oscillation still maintained even at inlet velocity conditions higher than the critical level. In addition, the frequency of the alternating positive and negative values of lateral velocity increased with the increase of the inlet air velocity. The particle image velocimetry showed that the "S"-shaped air turbulence profile emerged below the air slots, which was consistent with the characteristics of turbulent fluctuation discovered by the numerical simulation. Moreover, the fiber paths during melt blown process under different inlet flow conditions showed that, when the inlet air flow rate gradually increased, the fiber gradually losed stability and developed into a regular "whipping" state trajectory. At a higher inlet flow rate, the fiber still had the characteristics of "whipping", but the whipping became more violent. The results obtained by high-speed photography were similar with the law of air turbulence oscillation simulated by DES model, and the frequency of turbulent oscillation was the same order of magnitude as that of fiber whipping.
This work explored the air turbulence and fiber motion in blunt die melt bowing by using approaches of numerical simulation and experiment. It verified that the air flow in the melt blowing is obvious turbulent. The characteristics of air turbulence and fiber motion were similar. It showed that both air turbulence and fiber have obvious "whipping" pattern movements. This work illustrates the potential relationship between air turbulence and fiber movement, and reveals that the further exploring of fiber stretching mechanism should take the characteristic of air turbulence into the spinning process. 


Blending simulation and fiber spinning of toughened polylactic acid with tricyclic terpene structure

PI Qiuyue, WANG Yanhong, YE Hao , ZHANG Wanqi, HOU Xiuliang , XU Helan

2025, 33(05):  29-37. 

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With increasing global environmental awareness and the pursuit of sustainable development pathways, the demand for biobased materials has surged significantly. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a prominent biodegradable plastic, has shown great potential across various sectors due to its favorable biocompatibility and degradability. However, PLA's inherent brittleness remains a critical barrier to its widespread adoption. Therefore, developing effective toughening technology is essential to expanding PLA's application fields and enhancing its market competitiveness. In this context, maleated rosin (MR), a naturally abundant resource, offers a promising avenue for PLA toughening modifications due to its unique chemical structure and superior physical properties, warranting thorough research and exploration.
This study systematically examines the toughening effect of MR on PLA through a combination of theoretical modeling and experimental validation. Initially, molecular dynamics simulations are employed to investigate how planar MR molecules influence the arrangement and stacking of PLA molecules in the molten state. By adjusting the PLA/MR blend ratio and analyzing the Flory-Huggins interaction parameters and radial distribution functions, the optimal compatibility range (PLA/MR blend ratio between 2/8 and 7/3) is identified. Further analysis of dynamic rheological behavior, thermal properties, and crystallinity confirms the excellent compatibility between linear PLA and planar MR during the blending extrusion process. The experimentally prepared PLA/MR blended fibers exhibit smooth surfaces and uniform fineness. Notably, with an MR content of 20%, the blended fibers maintain tensile strength while exhibiting a substantial increase in elongation at break by approximately 2.3 times and a remarkable enhancement in rupture work by roughly 193.6 times, underscoring the significant toughening effect of MR on PLA fibers. The research not only introduces a novel approach for toughening PLA but also highlights the immense potential of natural products in developing high-performance biobased materials. 
Future studies could explore the composite effects of MR with other biobased or biodegradable materials to develop more diversified high-performance biocomposites. Additionally, optimizing the blending process parameters to enhance production efficiency and reduce costs is crucial for advancing the commercial application of PLA/MR blended fibers. Moreover, investigating the toughening mechanism of MR to provide theoretical guidance for the modification of other biobased materials is an important direction for future research. In the context of increasingly stringent environmental regulations and growing consumer demand for sustainable products, PLA/MR blended fibers have vast potential applications in packaging, textiles, medical fields, and beyond.


Preparation and properties of HKUST-1/viscose composite fibers

WANG Liangyu, GAO Xiaohong, YU Caijiao, ZHANG Xueting, YANG Xuli, BAO Yuwen

2025, 33(05):  38-66. 

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As living standards continue to improve, people are placing increasing emphasis on personal hygiene and protection, gradually developing new types of green, healthy, and safe antibacterial textiles to replace traditional ones. Viscose fibers, as the most widely produced regenerated cellulose fibers, are widely used in textiles, medical applications, and other fields. During daily use, due to close contact with human skin and the external environment, bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms are prone to proliferate on textile surfaces. This not only poses a threat to human health but also affects the lifespan of the textiles. Combining viscose fibers with antibacterial agents is an important direction to develop new antibacterial textiles. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are multifunctional crystalline materials composed of metal ions and organic ligands. They have the advantages of high specific surface area, high porosity, structural diversity, and ease of adjustment and modification, making them a focal area of research in recent years. However, the majority of MOFs exist in powder form, which limits their recovery, processing, and molding. Choosing natural or modified flexible fibers as ideal substrates for depositing MOFs can, on the one hand, endow the fiber substrates with many new functions, realizing high-value utilization of the fibers. On the other hand, fiber substrates can provide a wider utilization space for MOFs, achieving multi-level development and utilization of MOFs. Therefore, combining HKUST-1 materials with binder fibers holds significant practical importance. 
Under alkaline conditions, viscose fibers were carboxymethylated using chloroacetic acid to prepare carboxymethylated viscose fibers. Based on this, HKUST-1/viscose composite fibers were prepared through metal-organic coordination. The effects of factors such as the mass fraction of NaOH, the mass concentration of chloroacetic acid, etherification time, and etherification temperature on the Cu2+ adsorption capacity and mechanical properties of the bonded fibers were investigated. The apparent morphology and chemical structure of the adhesive fibers were analyzed by SEM, XRD, and XPS. Additionally, the antibacterial properties and wash durability of the HKUST-1/viscose composite fibers were tested. 
The carboxymethylation process for viscose fibers is as follows: 0.5 g of viscose fibers, a sodium hydroxide mass fraction of 5%, a chloroacetic acid mass concentration of 20 g/L, etherification time of 45 minutes, and etherification temperature of 85 °C. Under these conditions, the prepared viscose fibers have a higher carboxyl group content, resulting in better Cu2+ adsorption performance, which facilitates the loading of HKUST-1 onto the fiber surface. After carboxymethylation treatment, the mechanical properties are slightly improved. SEM images show that under room temperature ultrasonic conditions, crystalline particles are successfully loaded onto the surface of the bonded fibers. Further confirmation through XRD and XPS reveals that the crystalline particles are HKUST-1. Antibacterial and wash durability tests indicate that HKUST-1/viscose composite fibers have good antibacterial properties. When the concentration of copper ammonia solution reaches 0.40 mmol/L, the antibacterial rates against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are 99.01% and 99.79%, respectively. After 50 cycles of standard washing, the antibacterial rates remain above 90%. 


Study on biological corrosion of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis in foot-sock microenvironment

WANG Mengdi, REN Zehua, WANG Tingxia, LIU Jianli

2025, 33(05):  56-64. 

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Currently, cotton fabrics are widely used in the sock industry due to their skin-friendly softness, excellent moisture absorption, and breathability. However, cotton socks are prone to microbial growth during wearing, as the hot and humid wearing environment greatly facilitates the rapid reproduction of fungi and bacteria. The proliferation of various fungi not only adversely affects the cotton sock fabric but, more importantly, poses a threat to foot health. Scopulariopsis brevicaulis is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen and one of the common pathogens causing onychomycosis of the foot. 
In this study, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis isolated and purified from worn cotton socks was inoculated onto pure cotton white socks and human nail plates to investigate its corrosive effects on cotton fibers and nail plates. SEM, FT-IR and XRD tests were conducted on the cotton socks corroded by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis under three different conditions to analyze the damage to the cotton fabric before and after corrosion. The results indicated that the cotton sock fabric was most severely corroded under nutrient-rich conditions. SEM images revealed extensive longitudinal stripes and gullies on the surface of the cotton fibers, along with severe adhesion between fibers. The results of FT-IR and XRD showed that some of the 1,4-glycosidic bonds within the corroded fibers broke, and the crystallinity of the fibers decreased from 54.54% to 45.51%. In addition, tensile tests were performed on the cotton yarn before and after corrosion, which showed a 68% reduction in yarn breakage. Besides, the penetration ability of different concentrations of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis solution to healthy nail plates was studied by constructing a fungal nail penetration model. The results showed that the bacterial solution of 1×104 CFU /mL, 1×106 CFU /mL and 1×108 CFU /mL were all capable of penetrating the nail plates. Among these, the condition of 1×108 CFU/mL exhibited the shortest nail penetration time, requiring only two days. Furthermore, by observing SEM images of the eroded nail plates, it was evident that Scopulariopsis brevicaulis caused severe damage to the keratinocytes on the dorsal surface of the nail plates, with numerous pores and gaps appearing on the surface. Some hyphae even directly penetrated through the nail plates.
 Therefore, all the above experiments indicate that Scopulariopsis brevicaulis exhibits certain corrosive properties towards both cotton sock fabrics and human nail plates. Conducting research on the biological corrosion of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis in the foot-sock microenvironment provides basic support for its targeted inhibition.


Combination dyeing process and property of α-phenyl diazo ester-based disperse dyes on spandex

WANG Ye, JIANG Hua, SHI Lulu, XIE Xiaokang, LU Lele

2025, 33(05):  65-74. 

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Spandex is a widely used elastic fiber, but its dyeing problem has not been well solved. For example, when dyeing spandex with conventional disperse dyes, the color fastness to washing is always insufficient. The reason is that the binding forces between conventional disperse dye molecules and spandex fibers are limited to weak interactions such as hydrogen bond and Van der Waals force. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop new dyes through structural modification of the dyes from the perspective of enhancing dye-fiber affinity. Additionally, corresponding dyeing and fixation processes were established to obtain black spandex with high color fastness. In this paper, three diazo-type hydrophobic reactive dyes D1–D3 were synthesized by coupling reaction using aniline derivative I containing α-phenyl diazo ester group as coupling component, and corresponding arylamine diazonium salts as diazo components. Then, a black reactive disperse dye H1 was obtained by compounding dyes D1–D3. The dyeing property of dye H1 on spandex was tested and the dyeing and fixing processes were optimized. The dyeing properties of dyed spandex, such as color parameters, fixation rate, color fastness and migration rate, were tested and analyzed by comparing with a commercial black disperse dye HXF.
Coupling reactions produced dyes D1–D3 with yields of 75%–90%. Under heating temperatures at the 110–150 °C range, these dyes could transfer to carbene intermediates, which would further react with N-H bonds on spandex. The dyes D1–D3 showed good compatibility with an optimal compounding ratio of 20:1:20 . When dyed at 95 °C for 45 minutes and then fixing at 140 °C for 30 minutes using dye H1 of 3%(o·w·f) , a dark black dyed spandex with a color depth value of 662.8, L* value of 16.5, a* value of 2.1, b* value of -1.4 and C* value of 2.6 was obtained. The dyed spandex exhibited excellent color resistance to organic solvent extraction with a fixation rate reaching 80%. Furthermore, it boasted excellent resistance to soaping, rubbing and sublimation color fastnesses, all reaching level 4 or above. In addition, the color migration rate was only 8%. As comparison, the color depth value of spandex dyed with commercial black disperse dye HXF was only 299.5 with L* value of 28.6, a* value of 12.5, b* value of 10.5 and C* value of 16.3 under the same dyeing condition. Besides, the color of spandex dyed with HXF could be completely extracted by organic solvents. Tests showed that the color fastnesses to soaping, rubbing and sublimation were grade 3 or less. Additionally, the color migration rate could reach as high as 70%. The breaking strength of spandex yarn dyed with dye H1 was 42 cN, which was similar with that of samples dyed by HXF (43 cN) or blank (46 cN). On a whole, the change of mechanical property of dyed spandex was still in an acceptable range. 
The introduction of α-phenyl diazo ester group into dye molecules made dyes reactive to spandex, and simply heating to the transition temperature was necessary for initiating the reaction. After preparation of black reactive disperse dye using the three diazo-type hydrophobic reactive dyes D1–D3 and dyeing under the optimized condition, a deep black dyed spandex with high color fastness property could be obtained. Thus, the above results were expected to provide a new idea for the molecular design of high performance dyes for spandex dyeing.


Preparation of waterborne pigment paste and its application in curtain fabrics

WU Yaoyang, ZHOU Xiaoya, CHEN Kai

2025, 33(05):  75-85. 

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Colored curtains not only give a sense of pleasure and comfort for residents through color adjustment, but also offer strong UV protection. Currently, pigment printing and dyeing are the two most commonly used methods for preparing colored curtains. Compared with dyeing, pigment printing has advantages such as a wider range of applicability and being environmentally friendly. Meanwhile, pigments excel over dyes in terms of light resistance, chemical resistance, and weatherability, thus enhancing the weather resistance of curtain fabrics. However, an adhesive needs to be added due to the lack of affinity between pigments and fibers. The addition of adhesive can easily lead to secondary aggregation of color paste in waterborne dispersible pigments, which results in poor color uniformity in printing and affecting aesthetics and functionality of colored curtains.
To clarify the synergistic dispersion mechanism between dispersants and adhesives in waterborne pigment paste, a series of waterborne pigment paste was prepared by screening different types of dispersants and adhesives, and color printed fabrics were prepared by using screen printing technology. By using a nanoscale laser particle sizer and a transmission electron microscope, the particle size and morphology of waterborne pigment paste were characterized. Comparative analyses were conducted on the K/S value, color fastness to dry and wet rubbing, air permeability, stiffness, breaking strength, UV protective performance, and UV light fastness of the colored curtain fabrics. The results indicated that dispersants containing aromatic ring structures had strong π-π interactions with adhesives, which could form a synergistic dispersion effect. Compared with the commercial dye/pigment coloring effects, the printed fabrics prepared with the pigment paste in this experiment exhibited the highest K/S value (4.4), achieved a color fastness rating of 5, improved breathability to 157.76 mm/s, and increased breaking strength to 1,700.90 N and stiffness to 8.92 cm. Additionally, the printed fabrics demonstrated excellent UV protection performance (TUPF: 95.3±0.7 and TUVA: 4.7%± 0.2%), and their fading rate was only half of commercial dyes, showcasing good application potential in the field of curtain fabrics.
The research will not only provide technical support for the optimization of key process parameters in nano-based waterborne coatings but also offer certain theoretical foundations and practical guidance for the scientific design of high-UV-resistant colored curtain fabrics.


A method for visual feature extraction and characterization of fabric tensile deformation

LI Jia, YUAN Zhilei, SHI Wenhui, XU Pinghua

2025, 33(05):  86-95. 

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The application of textile materials has gradually expanded into fields such as smart wearables, construction, aerospace and healthcare, posing higher demands on the analysis of basic mechanical properties of materials. Existing measurement methods primarily focus on the overall tensile results of fabrics. However, in the context of evaluating new material developments, there are still many obstacles in distinguishing the localized stress variations in textile materials with different characteristics and treatment methods. How to fully utilize the advantages of non-contact measurement to accurately capture subtle changes during the fabric tensile process and how to establish a reasonable connection between these changes and the mechanical properties of the fabric remain issues that require in-depth research.
This paper proposed a method to explore the relationship between fabrics' dynamic tensile stress and morphological changes based on machine vision technology. Through comparative research with fabric tensile tests, the feasibility of applying machine vision technology in fabric tensile tests was explored, and the consistency of results between machine vision analysis and traditional tests was demonstrated. A self-built video sampling device was used to record the stretching process, with the video frames decomposed into sequential images for steps such as image preprocessing, object segmentation, and feature extraction. The external morphological features of the fabric affected by tensile load were extracted from the images. Furthermore, the Poisson's ratio of the fabric was calculated, and the results were correlated with its tensile properties to expand the methods for detecting fabric tensile performance. Additionally, the feasibility of machine vision technology in measuring fabric tensile deformation characteristic index under different treatment methods was validated.
The results indicate that the data obtained using machine vision technology are in good agreement with those acquired through traditional measurement methods, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method in this study. Furthermore, to explore the capability of machine vision technology in capturing subtle changes during fabric stretching and its potential for application in fabric performance evaluation, ANOVA or non-parametric tests were conducted on fabric tensile deformation characteristic index under different treatment methods. The research results demonstrate that there are significant differences in elongation among woven polyester, knitted polyester, and woven wool, indicating a clear distinction in the distribution of their elongation characteristics. Moreover, different treatment methods also have an impact on the elongation properties of the materials. Materials subjected to soaking in clear water, one-time washing, and five-time washing exhibit relatively concentrated elongation data with low variability, whereas samples soaked in detergent or subjected to light aging treatment show greater variability. For the shrinkage index at the narrowest point, woven wool and knitted wool also exhibit significant differences. Further analysis reveals that under various treatment conditions, samples subjected to five washes demonstrate higher variability, while those soaked in laundry detergent or exposed to light aging for 30 hours exhibit lower variability. This verifies that machine vision technology demonstrates good separability in fabric characteristic analysis, particularly in the elongation index, where its performance surpasses that of the narrowest point shrinkage index.


Virtual try-on networks based on interactive multiple attention mechanisms

HUANG Lili, ZHENG Junhong, JIN Yao, HE Lili

2025, 33(05):  96-106. 

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With the booming development of e-commerce and the popularity of online clothing shopping, virtual try-on technology has been significantly promoted. At present, virtual try-on technology is mainly divided into two categories: 3D and 2D images, among which 2D image virtual try-on is widely used due to its easy operation and low cost. This technology is further subdivided into methods based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and diffusion networks. In recent years, virtual try-on based on diffusion networks has received widespread attention due to its superior performance in realism, stability, and detail processing compared to GAN networks. StableVITON is an important benchmark model in this field and has achieved significant results in synthesizing try-on images by relying on the powerful generation ability of diffusion networks. However, there are still shortcomings in capturing and preserving clothing features and details, such as the inability to accurately identify clothing's long and short sleeves, colors, as well as details such as cuffs and necklines.
To address the problem of clothing feature and detail loss in the StableVITON, this paper proposed a virtual try-on network based on an interactive multi-head attention mechanism. Specifically, this article introduced an interactive multi-head attention mechanism in the clothing encoding block of the StableVITON to facilitate the interaction between different heads and learn rich feature correlations, so as to enhance the network attention performance and retain more clothing features and details. This article adopted various strategies to achieve this goal. Firstly, the latent space of the diffusion network was pre-trained to learn semantic correspondences between clothing and the human body. Secondly,  zero-cross-attention mechanism was introduced into the U-Net decoder. Lastly, the multi-head attention was adjusted to an interactive version which learns rich feature correlations through dense interaction mechanisms to enhance the combination of local and global information, reduce information loss, and improve the learning efficiency and stability of the model.
To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, qualitative and quantitative experiments were conducted on the VITON-HD dataset. Results show that this virtual try-on network generates more realistic overall clothing features and local details compared to other mainstream models. Compared to StableVITON, it improves the average Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) by 1.53%, reduces the average Learned Perceptual Image Patch Similarity (LPIPS) by 0.71%, lowers Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) by 0.15%, and decreases Kernel Inception Distance (KID) by 1.14%. This network effectively preserves clothing feature details and significantly enhances image fidelity and its synthesized try-on images can provide consumers with a better shopping experience and can be widely used in digital fashion applications such as virtual try-on.


Three-dimensional simulation of single-faced weft-knitted fabrics based on spring-mass particles

2025, 33(05):  107-115. 

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With the advancement of computer-aided design technology, the diversity of weft-knitted CAD systems is increasing, providing efficient and convenient design solutions. Simultaneously, research on three-dimensional simulations of weft-knitted fabrics is flourishing, focusing on different types of weft-knitted fabric structures. This study aims to explore a mechanics-based method to enhance the three-dimensional simulation of single-faced weft-knitted fabrics, particularly in simulating deformations under various structural organizations. By constructing coil-based nodal point models and spring-mass particle models, the research aims to achieve precise three-dimensional simulations of different types of weft-knitted fabrics.
Regarding the research methodology, this study builds upon existing research by creating a coil mesh model to ensure a specific proportion between the coordinates of coil-based nodal points and mesh points, thereby achieving an ideal-state three-dimensional simulation of weft-knitted fabrics. Subsequently, by combining a spring-mass particle model with Newton's second law and Hooke's law, the study uses the Velocity-Verlet numerical integration method to calculate the forces and displacements of different particles at different times. Finally, by measuring deformation data of fabrics with different organizations, the study analyzes the force situations of each coil type and successfully accomplishes the deformation simulation of three fabric types. The research results indicate that by constructing a coil mesh model and employing a spring-mass particle model, this study successfully analyzes the force characteristics of coils in single-faced weft-knitted variable-structure fabrics. The proposed method has achieved the three-dimensional simulation of various types of single-faced weft-knitted fabrics and validated the feasibility of the simulation results through comparisons with physical samples. This method is not only suitable for introducing single loop and floating loop structures but also applicable for simulating deformations of single-faced weft-knitted fabrics with different structural organizations. This advancement makes fabric simulation more realistic, opening up new research directions in the field of three-dimensional simulation of weft-knitted fabrics.
In conclusion, the method proposed in this study brings new possibilities to the three-dimensional simulation technology of weft-knitted fabrics, deepening the understanding of the force relationships and deformation patterns of single-faced weft-knitted variable-structure fabrics. However, in future research, especially in investigating the force mechanisms of double-faced fabrics, Z-direction force factors should be comprehensively considered to further enhance the applicability and accuracy of this method.


Simulation of heat and moisture coupling in cotton yarn weft plain knitted fabrics

DENG Zhihao, RONG Zheng, LIU Weiwei, TANG Ning, WU Weili

2025, 33(05):  116-125. 

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The heat and moisture comfort performance of clothing is affected by many aspects, including objective factors such as the current ambient temperature, humidity, and wind speed, as well as subjective factors like human psychology. Additionally, traditional research on the heat and moisture comfort performance of fabrics mostly adopts the experimental detection method. However, due to the complexity of the fabric structure, this method finds it difficult to replicate the heat and moisture coupling transfer effects that occur within fabrics in real environments and even more challenging to observe heat and moisture transfer phenomena in dynamic situations. In this paper, the finite element simulation method is employed to study the heat and moisture coupling transfer process and phenomena in cotton yarn weft plain knitted fabrics when there are temperature differences and relative humidity differences between the internal and external environments of the fabric. 
The research combines sophisticated three-dimensional modelling with multi-physical field coupling simulation technology to reveal that heat within the fabric system preferentially transfers through the looped and interlocked regions, while static air components effectively delay heat loss, maintaining a comfortable temperature on the human skin surface. When moisture on the surface of the human skin diffuses to the outside air, it is preferentially absorbed by cotton yarn fibers until saturation before being transferred to the external environment. Therefore, the moisture diffusion rate of static air components is relatively high. A theoretical and experimental method is provided for an in-depth understanding of the heat and moisture coupling transfer process and phenomena within weft plain knitted fabrics. The results show that when there are temperature and humidity differences between the internal and external environments of the fabric, the heat and moisture transfer of the fabric microenvironment reaches dynamic equilibrium at t=234.0 s and t=264.0 s, respectively. When the heat and moisture coupling simulation model of the plain knitted fabric reaches dynamic equilibrium in heat and moisture transfer, the average temperature of the fabric microenvironment is 28.81 ℃, with a relative humidity of 51.25%. The comparison between the simulated thermal resistance of the fabric system and experimental data shows an error of 2.3%, and the comparison error for simulated moisture resistance is 4.2%. These findings validate the effectiveness of the heat and moisture coupling simulation model for plain knitted fabrics and confirm the high accuracy and good fit of the finite element simulation method.
By applying finite element simulation technology to the analysis of coupled heat and moisture transfer in fabrics, researchers can quickly obtain the effective heat transfer and moisture transfer characteristics of knitted fabrics under various environmental conditions, even with limited experimental resources. This significantly reduces experimental costs and enhances work efficiency. Furthermore, the research provides a theoretical foundation for exploring the optimal design of clothing materials. In the future, this method can be further extended to other types of fiber materials and fabrics with different weaves, to investigate their effective heat and moisture comfort performance under diverse environmental conditions.


Design and compression performance of variable structure parameter weft knitted spacer fabrics

WU Zijuan, XIA Fenglin, WU Guangjun, ZHAO Kezheng

2025, 33(05):  134-143. 

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Spacer fabrics, characterized by discrete upper and lower surface layers interconnected and supported by intermediate spacer yarns, are commonly referred to as sandwich fabrics. The surface yarns are typically fabricated from polyester (PET) or nylon (PA) multifilaments, whereas the spacer yarns are made of monofilaments of PET or PA with enhanced flexural rigidity. Owing to their unique three-dimensional hollow structure, spacer fabrics possess exceptional deformation capabilities, effectively relieving body pressure and absorbing energy, thereby excelling in impact attenuation, compression resistance, and vibration damping properties. Furthermore, they boast high tensile strength, non-delamination characteristics, versatility in raw material utilization, recyclability and other advantages, making them a popular choice for developing protective equipment with broad development prospects. 
Based on this, how to characterize the performance of spacer fabrics has become increasingly important. Many scholars have explored the relationship between the performance and structural parameters of spacer fabrics, with compression performance being the most studied aspect. The compression performance of spacer fabrics is a key indicator for measuring their load-bearing capacity, flexibility, elasticity, and comfort. It is influenced by the fabric's structure, material, and production process, and directly affects the usability of the fabric. Through compression testing, the cushioning and structural stability of spacer fabrics can be evaluated, and an understanding of how the fabric deforms and cushions during use can be gained. This, in turn, guides the optimization of product design.
To investigate the relationship between the structural parameters and compression performance of spacer fabrics, this paper designed and fabricated spacer fabrics with various parameters using a flat knitting machine. The compression performance of these fabrics was tested, and the deformation mechanism during the compression process was analyzed. Based on changes in curve slope, it was found that, similar to warp-knitted spacer fabrics, weft-knitted spacer fabrics can be divided into four stages during the loading phase: initial stage, linear elastic stage, plateau stage, and densification stage.
Finally, a multiple regression analysis was conducted using SPSS software to analyze the primary and secondary relationships among various influencing factors, including the compression load, number of spacer stitches, spacer-yarn diameters, spacer-yarn filling ratios, surface density, fabric thickness, and others, under three compression strains (CV65, CV50 and CV35) before the spacer fabrics reached the densification stage. This analysis explored how structural parameters affect the compression performance of spacer fabrics under varying compression deformation. From the perspectives of production and practical application, a deep understanding of the influencing factors and their primary and secondary relationships in fabric compression performance can not only assist manufacturers in precisely adjusting production parameters to meet specific product standards or customer requirements (such as enhancing collision resistance and optimizing comfort), but also enable the prediction and prevention of potential issues during the early stages of material development, thereby reducing resource waste.