关键词: 吸湿速干材料, 吸湿速干机理, 非织造材料, 吸湿速干纤维, 吸湿速干后整理

Abstract: The market size of moisture-absorbing and quick-drying materials is increasing day by day. To develop moisture-absorbing and quick-drying materials that better meet market demand and expand their application fields, we analyzed moisture-absorbing and quick-drying materials from several aspects. Firstly, we made a detailed introduction to the mechanisms of moisture-absorbing and quick-drying materials, including differential capillary effect, wetting gradient structure, and biomimetic transpiration, and listed corresponding models developed in recent years. Then, we divided the common moisture-absorbing and quick-drying fibers in the market into natural fibers and chemical fibers, and stated the characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and application scope of different fibers. Additionally, we listed the current moisture-absorbing and quick-drying standards of common countries and standard organizations, as well as the main performance grading of moisture-absorbing and quick-drying materials in China's moisture-absorbing and quick-drying standards, and listed some problems in the standards and operational plans that can be implemented.
We divided moisture-absorbing and quick-drying materials into moisture-absorbing and quick-drying woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, and non-woven materials. We introduced the research achievements and development status of various materials in recent years, including: woven fabrics prepared by Tao Fengyi et al. by using viscose fibers and honeycomb microporous polyester fibers as raw materials, and changing the arrangement of fiber materials in the thickness direction of the fabric to present different moisture-absorbing effects on the inner and outer layers of the fabric. Wang Yue et al. used green and environmentally friendly Tencel and recycled polyester to design a new type of three-dimensional moisture conductive double-sided knitted fabric that accelerates the passage of gas and liquid, effectively reducing the contact tightness between the fabric and the skin, ensuring moisture absorbing and quick drying, while improving the lightness and comfort of the fabric. Finally, we summarized the existing problems and possible solutions of moisture absorption and rapid drying based on the post-processing technology. In terms of non-woven materials, in addition to arranging and combining various new environmentally friendly fibers with traditional non-woven processes such as water spunlace, needle punching, and hot air to obtain moisture-absorbing and quick-drying materials, there are various materials produced by electrospinning technology. For example, Song et al. prepared a non-woven material with a wetting gradient structure composed of hydrophobic chitosan fibers and hydrophilic adhesive fibers through water spunlace technology. When 90% of the fibers are hydrophobic and the hydrophobic layer exceeds a high thickness of 1.6mm, the material can still achieve anisotropic water penetration and has high wear resistance and environmental friendliness.
We summarized and classified the moisture-absorbing and quick-drying finishing processes into plasma treatment, photochemical treatment, electrostatic spraying, and laser processing. By depositing low surface energy materials on hydrophilic fabrics, the material surface underwent oxidation, cross-linking, chemical bond breakage, etc. under sunlight or ultraviolet radiation. Under high potential, very fine droplets were sprayed from the tube to control the coating thickness. Laser processing was used to change the micro nano scale morphology and other finishing processes, which can accurately change the moisture-absorbing and quick-drying rate of the material.
Finally, we explored the development potential of current moisture-absorbing and quick-drying materials. In response to the current situation of moisture-absorbing and quick-drying fibers, we proposed three problems to be solved from the perspective of fibers and two problems to be solved from the perspective of materials, and provided possible solutions. There is no complete conclusion on the study of the interaction between fibers and water molecules, the influence of the depth and quantity of irregular cross-section fiber grooves used in moisture-absorbing and quick-drying materials on differential capillary effect, and the application should shift towards the development of green and environmentally friendly fibers, as well as more research and development of natural fibers with high moisture-absorbing and quick-drying performance. In terms of materials, simple and effective methods should be developed to achieve low-cost industrial production of moisture-absorbing and quick-drying materials. In the meanwhile, various post-processing technologies that combine green environmental protection performance, good mechanical performance, and stable and efficient moisture-absorbing and quick-drying performance should be more closely combined with the preparation of moisture-absorbing and quick-drying materials.

Key words: moisture-absorbing and quick-drying materials, moisture-absorbing and quick-drying mechanism, nonwovens, moisture-absorbing and quick-drying fiber, moisture absorption and quick drying after finishing