Abstract: Traditional petroleum-based plastics, such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), can be seen almost everywhere in our life. However, the overwhelming majority of the billions of tons of plastic produced worldwide ultimately ends up in landfills or natural environments, with only a tiny fraction being incinerated or recycled. As plastic consumption continues to increase, so does its production, leading to a more severe issue of "white pollution" and raising concerns about the extensive use of oil resources. With the growing awareness of environmental protection, polylactic acid, a biodegradable plastic made from renewable resources, is widely used to replace traditional plastics due to its excellent degradation performance.
The polylactic acid industry is also developing with the increasing proportion of biodegradable plastics in the market. Polylactic acid is made from renewable resources like corn and potatoes, making it fully biodegradable and biocompatible. Therefore, in the field of life medicine, polylactic acid is often used as a medical dressing or drug carrier. With good mechanical and physical properties, polylactic acid is suitable for thermoplastic, blow molding, and other processing methods. It can not only become one of the most suitable bio-based plastics to replace traditional plastics, but also be used in packaging, agriculture, and other fields. Polylactic acid nanocomposites, with nanofillers like stone carbon nanotubes as the reinforcement, effectively improve the mechanical properties of polylactic acid, even reduce the resistivity, and expand the application of polylactic acid in engineering fields, such as sensors, electromagnetic waves, and so on. Moreover, by strengthening and toughening polylactic acid, polylactic acid nanocomposites can be used as scaffolds or composite membranes and other applications in life medicine.
At present, polylactic acid nanocomposites have great advantages. The excellent performance of nanofillers can effectively improve the mechanical properties, crystallinity, and toughness of polylactic acid, and expand its application in packaging, engineering, agriculture, and other fields. Although a large number of valuable studies have been carried out on polylactic acid nanocomposites, the current research on them is still faced with problems of poor compatibility between the nano-filler and polylactic acid, uneven dispersion or functional endogeneity of the nanocomposites. Consequently, it is necessary to speed up the research on the interface and dispersion of polylactic acid nanocomposites and to promote the research and development of functional polylactic acid nanocomposites.

Key words: polylactic acid, synthetic method, degradable material, nanofiller, composite

摘要： 随着环境污染问题逐渐严峻，自然资源消耗严重，生物基可降解材料不断被开发来替代传统石油基塑料，文章主要对生物基可降解材料聚乳酸（PLA）及纳米填料增强复合材料进行了综述。介绍了直接法和间接法合成聚乳酸的过程以及不同化学结构聚乳酸的物理和力学性能；阐述了不同形态纳米填料增强增韧聚乳酸的研究进展，以及在包装材料、生命医药、纺织等领域的主要应用以及存在的问题，并对聚乳酸及其纳米填料增强复合材料的未来应用进行展望，为其进一步研究和应用提供思路。

关键词: 聚乳酸, 合成方法, 可降解纤维, 纳米填料, 复合材料