Abstract: Bacterial biofilms refer to a three-dimensional structure group containing multiple cells formed by bacteria embedded in extracellular polymers secreted by themselves. Compared with planktonic bacteria, bacterial biofilms have more complex morphological structures and stubborn physiological characteristics that are difficult to remove. Implantable medical device infections and chronic infections caused by bacterial biofilms have a serious impact on patients' physical and mental health and medical burden, which has become a major challenge in the current medical and health field.
In recent years, nanofibers have become the dominant carrier of anti-biofilm agents to cope with bacterial biofilm-induced infections due to their high specific surface area and strong surface design. By blending antibacterial agents with polymers during electrospinning or functionalizing nanofibers after electrospinning, nanofibers with anti-biofilm properties can be obtained. According to the characteristics of bacterial biofilms, a series of nanofibers have been developed to remove bacterial biofilms from the principles of preventing biofilm formation, targeting extracellular polymeric matrix, inhibiting signal molecules, and even achieving the synergy of multiple treatment methods, which has become a promising biofilm treatment strategy.
Specifically, in order to prevent the formation of biofilms, researchers inhibit bacterial adhesion by regulating the diameter of nanofibers and changing the hydrophilicity of fibers or design a surface that enhances fibroblast adhesion to prevent the formation of bacterial extracellular polymers, so that planktonic bacteria cannot form biofilms. In the study of targeted destruction of extracellular polymer matrix, researchers combine nanofibers with microneedle arrays to form composite patches, and transport the drugs loaded on the fibers to the interior of the biofilm by the penetration of microneedles, or combine enzymes and photodynamic therapy that degrade extracellular polymer components onto nanofibers to play a role in targeted destruction. In addition, in the inhibition of signal molecules, the anti-biofilm agents that can inhibit the signal molecules including the quorum sensing quenching enzyme, furan derivatives, and nitric oxide are mainly loaded onto nanofibers, so as to achieve the effective removal of bacterial biofilms.
In summary, nanofibers as a carrier of integrated antibacterial agents or a platform technology that integrates multiple therapeutic methods have emerged in the field of biofilm therapy. Nevertheless, the treatment of bacterial biofilm infection based on nanofibers is still in the ascendant. First, a mixed model of biofilm infection should be established in subsequent studies to evaluate the therapeutic effect. Secondly, in order to avoid drug resistance caused by the use of conventional high-dose antibiotics, antibiotic replacement therapy based on nanofibers should be expanded as far as possible to establish synergistic integrated therapy. At the same time, nanofibers as antibacterial agent delivery carrier also have the problem of explosive release and low release of antibacterial agent. Finally, multi-functional dressings can be established for chronic wounds to broaden application scenarios.

Key words: bacterial biofilm, electrospinning, nanofiber, antibiotic resistance, bacterial infection

摘要： 细菌生物膜是细菌通过自身分泌的胞外聚合物黏附在物体接触面上而形成含有多细胞的三维结构群体,生物膜导致的细菌感染给患者身体健康和社会经济造成危害,是目前医疗卫生领域面临的一大挑战。相比于浮游细菌来说,形成生物膜的细菌有更加复杂的形态结构与生理作用,导致抗生素难以渗透、常规剂量下疗效差,亟需新型的干预及治疗手段。纳米纤维因其比表面积高、表面可设计性强等优势成为了抗生物膜剂的优势载体,目前已被制成植入式医疗器械涂层及伤口敷料进行生物膜的应对。本文在总结生物膜的形成及危害的基础上,重点阐述基于纳米纤维从防止生物膜形成、分解或靶向胞外聚合物基质、抑制信号分子等方法入手的生物膜清除方法,以凸显纳米纤维在预防及应对生物膜方面的潜力。

关键词: 细菌生物膜, 静电纺丝, 纳米纤维, 细菌耐药性, 细菌感染