Table of Content

10 September 2024, Volume 32 Issue 9

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Preparation and properties of self-cleaning F-SiO2/ BaTiO3 coated cooling fabric

XU Shuai, WANAG Fei, YUAN Hao, ZHANG Jiawen, , YI Lingmin

2024, 32(9):  1-9. 

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Global warming and urban heat island effect have a significant influence on social progress and survival of human beings. Excessive heat in outdoor space can reduce the lifespan of outdoor products and pose a threat to people's safety. Therefore, during hot summer days, outdoor protective equipment with cooling functions has become increasingly popular. Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) technology is an effective strategy for achieving outdoor cooling. It can cool the surface of the subject solely through the inherent properties of the material itself without consuming any energy. PDRC materials reflect sunlight with wavelengths ranging from 0.3 to 2.5 µm and radiate heat through the atmospheric window (8–13 µm) into outer space. Combining radiative cooling technology with textiles to prepare cooling textiles is meaningful. 
However, it is difficult to achieve high cooling performance while maintaining good usability of textiles. Meanwhile, outdoor cooling textiles inevitably encounter rainfall and atmospheric sediments during use. These contaminants will accumulate on the surface of textiles, reducing their sunlight reflectance and infrared emissivity, which in turn affects the cooling performance. Therefore, it is necessary to develop PDRC textiles that have anti-contamination capabilities and can continuously achieve high-efficiency cooling effect. In this study, PDMS and fluorosilane-modified SiO2 particles were used to combine with visible-near infrared highly reflective BaTiO3 particles to prepare PDRC coating with self-cleaning property on nylon fabrics to obtain coating fabrics with cooling effect. The morphology and chemical structure of the coated nylon fabrics were analyzed. The influencing factors of the spectral characteristics of the coated nylon fabric were studied. The cooling performance, self-cleaning performance, and mechanical properties of fabrics were also investigated.
 The results show that the coated fabric has a comparatively higher sunlight reflectance and mid-infrared emissivity, and both the sunlight reflectance and mid-infrared emissivity increase with the increase of coating amount. When the coating amount is 8.59 mg/cm2, the average sunlight reflectance of the coated fabric is 88%, and the average mid-infrared emissivity is 92%. Compared with the original nylon fabric, the coated fabric can reduce the temperature by up to 5.6 °C when the solar radiation intensity is 558 W/m2. Meanwhile, the composite coated fabric has a hydrophobic surface with a water contact angle of 146.6°, and it possesses excellent cooling performance, self-cleaning ability, abrasion resistance and outstanding mechanical strength, indicating broad application prospects in the outdoor scenario.


Preparation and performance of ZnO-NPs/PP radiative cooling filaments and fabrics

WENG Weijie, WANG Mei, QIU Yiping, XIAKEER Saitaer

2024, 32(9):  10-18. 

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With increasing awareness of energy consumption and sustained focus about comfort and health issues, there has been widespread research interest in thermal management textiles that reduce an individual’s body temperature in high-temperature environments. Thermal comfort is a psychological state that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment. It is important to maintain thermal comfort because the thermal state of the human body is crucial to physiological and mental health and if the core body temperature reaches a hyperthermic condition ranging from 37.5℃ to 38.3℃, or a low temperature below 35.0 ℃, it is potentially life-threatening to humans. Clothing is the most widely used microclimate regulating material in human activities. Protection against high temperature weather can be achieved by developing passive radiative cooling fabrics (PRCF).
In this paper, nano zinc oxide particles (ZnO-NPs) and polypropylene (PP) were used as raw materials to perform melt blending, granulation, slicing and drying. Firstly, the basic properties of the raw materials were studied, and mainly characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum, UV reflectivity and melt index of the granules. Subsequently, ZnO-NPs/PP granules were used for melt spinning to prepare ZnO-NPs/PP radiative cooling filaments, and the spinnability properties of ZnO-NPs/PP with different mass fractions were studied. The filaments were also drawn, and the effect of the corresponding drawing process on the mechanical properties of the filaments was studied. In addition, the thermal properties and surface morphology of the filaments were characterized in detail. Finally, the filaments were used to weave fabrics on a sample weaving machine, and the indoor and outdoor radiation cooling performance of the fabrics was evaluated.
Research results show that ZnO-NPs/PP materials have high reflectivity in the solar spectrum range and exhibit excellent emissivity in the atmospheric window band. As can be seen from SEM images, the fiber surface is smooth without defects such as pores and depressions. However, as the mass fraction of ZnO-NPs increases, it may lead to agglomeration or aggregation of ZnO-NPs, thus affecting the stability and continuity of the spinning process. In addition, 0.25% ZnO-NPs/PP filaments exhibit excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability. At the same time, the addition of ZnO-NPs also improves the thermal stability of the filaments. In addition, the woven fabric was tested for indoor and outdoor radiation cooling performance. The results show that compared with cotton fabric, this fabric can lower the temperature by 1.1 ℃ indoors and 4.5 ℃ outdoors.


Preparation of breathable and cool silk and linen fabrics and their properties

YAN Yunmeng, WANG Guofu, LIU Fuchang, LU Jialiang, XU Zheng

2024, 32(9):  19-27. 

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In order to develop high-end fabric that is comfortable to wear under hot conditions, has good air permeability and cool touch, this paper used mulberry silk as the warp yarn and hemp yarn as the weft yarn. Under the same warp density, by changing the fabric weave, weft density and warp and weft weave points, a total of 24 kinds of fabrics in A, B and C series were designed and tried. The air permeability and thermal conductivity of the fabrics were measured by fabric air permeability meter and Hot Disk thermal constant analyzer, and the data indexes were analyzed by fuzzy comprehensive analysis method. According to the variable process parameters of fabric design, fabric weave is formed through the interweaving of warp and weft yarns. In the same cycle, the varied buckling of warp and weft yarns and the different changes in warp and weft density have an impact on the air permeability and cool properties of fabric. To explore the factors affecting the air permeability and cool properties of fabrics under the premise of ensuring good appearance and feel, three series of samples were designed from three methods: weave, weft density and the proportion of warp and weft points in the same cycle. A series of samples were woven with different fabric weaves at the same weft density. To ensure comparability, all weaves were circulated in 8*8 cycles. The samples of B series were woven with different weft densities when the fabric weave was determined. The three original weft densities were selected, and each fabric had three kinds of weft densities. For C-series samples, the ratio of warp and weft points of the weft surface was changed. Specifically, the weaves of A series of samples were divided into plain weave and its reinforcing weace, 3/1 twill weave and its reinforcing weave, and 8-piece 3-fly weft satin weave and its reinforcing weave, which were used to study the influence of different fabric weaves on the permeability and cooling properties of the samples under the same weft density. The B series of samples were used to study the influence of different weft densities on the permeability and cooling properties of the samples when the fabric weave was determined. The fabric was made of common plain weave, 3/1 twill weave and 8-piece 3-fly satin weave. The weft density of each weave was 30 (thread/10cm), 33 (thread/10cm) and 35 (thread/10cm) respectively. The C series of samples were made of the same fabric weave, with 8-piece weft satin patterns. Different proportions of warp and weft points were designed (the number of reinforcing points in the warp and weft direction was 1, 2 and 3, respectively) to study the influence of fabric points on the breathability and coolness of the samples. The results show that when the warp density is 50 (piece/10cm), the weft density is 30 (piece/10cm) and the fabric is 8-piece weft satin, the air permeability and cool performance of the silk and linen fabric are the best. When the warp density is unchanged and the weft density is increased, the air permeability and coolness of the silk and linen fabric decrease. With the increase of the number of warp and weft points, the air permeability and coolness of the silk and linen fabric will decrease. When the weft density increases and the fabric is plain and twill, the permeability and coolness of the silk and linen fabric will increase. The experiment provides a theoretical basis for further development of high-end functional fabrics with air permeability and coolness.

Review of personal cold and heat regulating clothing

CHEN Xue, YU Lijing, ZHANG Zhaohua

2024, 32(9):  28-37. 

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Adjusting the temperature and humidity of the microenvironment between the human body and clothing can effectively enhance thermal comfort and improve work efficiency in extreme temperature environments. Moreover, it offers significant advantages in terms of building energy efficiency. To further advance the application and progress of personal thermal regulating clothing in enhancing human thermal comfort and improving building energy efficiency, this paper systematically introduced the classification, characteristics, and current research progress of various types of personal thermal regulating clothing, including personal cooling clothing, personal heating clothing, and dynamically regulated clothing. The paper also summarized the advantages and disadvantages of different types of personal thermal regulating clothing, and conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis to propose potential future development directions for this type of clothing.
Personal cooling clothing encompasses three primary categories: active, passive, and hybrid cooling ones. Compared to active cooling garments, liquid cooling clothing (passive cooling) has higher cooling efficiency and is suitable for individuals with greater cooling needs. Hybrid cooling clothing, which combines two or more cooling mediums, can provide superior cooling effects in dynamically changing high-temperature environments. In comparison to single cooling mediums, hybrid cooling demonstrates more significant cooling effects and thermal comfort. Future research and development should concentrate on enhancing the cooling efficiency of cooling clothing, improving garment portability, and fostering sustainable energy practices. This involves exploring lighter materials and higher energy-density batteries. Additionally, integrating solar panels into clothing design should be considered to save energy consumption and achieve sustainable development. In the development of personal heating clothing, electric heating clothing has gained widespread attention from researchers due to its advantages of being lightweight, thin, washable, and having high heating efficiency. With the advancement of heating technology, further exploration is needed to enhance the heating efficiency of heating fabrics in low-temperature environments and to implement various drive energy technologies to meet heating demands in diverse scenarios. Additionally, there should be exploration into the smart development of heating clothing by incorporating sensors or intelligent control systems to achieve precise temperature regulation and personalized heating control, so as to cater to the heating needs of different individuals. In recent years, new types of personal thermal regulation clothing that can dynamically adjust between heating and cooling have also been developed, capable of rapidly responding to real-time changes in human physiology and the environment. These textiles can monitor real-time changes in human physiology and the environment, providing rapid responses. However, in practical applications, the complex manufacturing processes and high production costs of these garments limit the possibility of mass production. Furthermore, there is a need to further improve the efficiency of heating and cooling and enhance dynamic response rates. 
In summary, the future development of personal thermal regulation clothing should focus on innovation and advancements in garment portability, efficient energy conversion, intelligent applications, and sustainable development.


Solid-state polycondensation of regenerated PET based on the alcoholysis-ester exchange method

ZHU Zixu, CHEN Binjie, GUAN Jun, LÜ Weiyang, WANG Xiuhua, YAO Yuyuan,

2024, 32(9):  38-47. 

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High molecular weight (high intrinsic viscosity) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has excellent mechanical properties, and is an important raw material for the production of high-strength industrial silk, engineering plastics, reinforcement materials and other products. At present, the molecular weight of PET is mainly improved by solid-state polycondensation (SSP) process, which is: the low-molecular weight polymer is heated to above the glass transition temperature and below the melting point, and glycol, water molecules, acealdehyde and other by-products are removed by vacuuming or injecting nitrogen, so that it continues to carry out chain growth reaction in the amorphous region. However, as the production of PET products continues to increase, a large amount of oil resources are consumed. To solve this problem, the researchers carried out research on the regeneration methods of PET, among which, the chemical regeneration of PET(CRPET) based on glycol alcohololysis and methanol transesterification process can meet the requirements of high-quality regeneration. Nowadays, CRPET has been industrialized in the field of flame-retardant modification, cationic dyeing and other civil grade fibers, but there are few reports on the preparation of CRPET with high molecular weight (high intrinsic viscosity).
In order to achieve the preparation of high molecular weight CRPET, solid-state polycondensation process was used to increase the viscosity of CRPET. Under vacuum conditions, the solid-state polycondensation reaction characteristics of vPET and CRPET were compared. The intrinsic viscosity of CRPET during solid-state polycondensation was investigated by changing the methyl group content, size, reaction atmosphere, vacuum, nitrogen flow rate and pre-crystallization temperature. The results show that under the same reaction conditions, the solid-state polycondensation rate of vPET is higher than that of CRPET. The presence of terminal methyl group can affect the rate of CRPET solid-state polycondensation, but this effect gradually decreases with the increase of temperature. Reducing the particle size of CRPET will increase the growth rate of intrinsic viscosity, but inter-bonding is also more likely to take place, resulting in a slowdown in the growth of intrinsic viscosity at the later stage of the reaction of small-sized CRPET, which is more obvious at high temperature. Under the premise of keeping the reaction temperature and particle size unchanged, the intrinsic viscosity increment of CRPET under vacuum condition is larger than that under nitrogen condition. The solid-state polycondensation reaction is easier to be carried out at higher vacuum or nitrogen flow rate, but when the nitrogen flow rate increases to a larger value, the influence on the intrinsic viscosity gradually decreases. The increase of pre-crystallization temperature will reduce the surface adhesion of CRPET, thus promoting the positive solid-state polycondensation reaction, but too high crystallization temperature will hinder the diffusion and escape of small molecules in CRPET, resulting in a slow down of the growth of intrinsic viscosity. Solid-state polycondensation can improve the crystallization properties of CRPET without affecting its thermal properties.
According to the analysis results of parameters and properties of CRPET before and after solid-state polycondensation, it can be found that the intrinsic viscosity of CRPET can be increased by solid-state polycondensation, and the material property requirements of industrial fibers can be reached (the intrinsic viscosity is≥1.05 dL/g). The research results provide a useful reference for the industrial production of CRPET with high viscosity.


Rheological properties of melamine cyanurate flame-retardant and modified Polyamide 6

YU Xiao, YANG Mian, ZHANG Shunhua, ZHANG Xuzhen

2024, 32(9):  48-55. 

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Polyamide 6 (PA6) is a polymer with excellent properties, and is widely used in the field of the textile industry due to its excellent abrasion and fatigue resistance as well as excellent elastic recovery rate, but it is a flammable product and also produces flaming molten droplets during combustion, which is highly susceptible to fire hazard. At present, research on flame-retardant PA6 focuses on plastic products, while research on fiber products is less. 
Rheological performance is an important index for evaluating the spinnability of materials. To investigate the spinnability of flame-retardant PA6, a twin-screw extruder was used to co-extrude 2%, 5% and 8% of flame-retardant PA6 with PA6 and flame retardant melamine cyanurate (MCA) as the raw materials. The melt crystallinity, thermal stability and rheological properties of the specimens were studied by a scanning calorimeter, a thermogravimetric analyzer and a rotational rheometer, and the effects of different frequency scans, MCA addition ratios and temperatures on the polymer properties were analyzed. The results show that MCA makes the flame-retardant PA6 have higher crystallization temperature, and the crystallinity increases and then decreases with the addition of MCA, which indicates that the low addition ratio of MCA can promote the crystallization behavior of PA6, while the high ratio of MCA will hinder the crystallization of PA6; the maximum decomposition rate of the flame-retardant PA6 decreases with the increase of the ratio of MCA, there is no much difference in T5% and T50%, and the residual carbon rates are not much different, which indicates that MCA reduces the thermal decomposition rate of PA6, and improve its thermal stability, but does not affect the residual carbon. To ensure the performance of the material, it is recommended that the processing temperature is selected below 300℃; the addition of MCA has a greater impact on the rheological properties of the material, flame-retardant PA6 is a pseudo-plastic fluid with shear thinning phenomenon. The larger the amount of MCA added, the greater the viscosity of the material. The addition of 8% can double the viscosity of the material, resulting in  poor melt fluidity, which is not conducive to subsequent spinning. However, the addition of MCA also makes the material rigidity and strength better. The higher the temperature, the lower the viscosity of the material. And when the temperature reaches 275℃, the viscosity will be too small for spinning. 
The results of the study are of theoretical significance for the practical production of MCA flame-retardant and modified PA6 fibers.


Fabrication and heat insulation performance of ultra-thin and transparent aramid nanofiber aerogel films

LI Yong a, b, ZHOU Weitaoa, b, c, HAN Lua, c, LI Yiming a, DU Shanb, d

2024, 32(9):  56-64. 

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Aramid materials are extensively employed in the fields of aerospace, electronic devices, and intelligent wearables owning to their remarkable attributes of high strength, robust processability, commendable temperature resistance, and corrosion resistance. The widespread utilization of aramid unavoidably generates a substantial quantity of aramid wastes.
To maximize the utilization of aramid wastes, this study successfully produced ultra-thin aramid nanofiber (ANFs) aerogel films with high transparency and flexibility. This was achieved through the combination of immersion precipitation phase inversion and freeze-drying techniques, with waste aramid as the raw material. The morphologies, chemical structure, optical properties, thermal stability and insulation of the resulting ANFs aerogel films were characterized by using FESEM, FTIR, UV-Vis, TG-DTG and FILR. The results demonstrated the average diameter of ANFs is 18.32 nm. In comparison to aramid waste, the main chemical structures of the ANFs did not undergo significant changes, but there was noticeable improvement in the content of free amino groups. Additionally, to regulate the morphology of ANFs aerogel film, the film forming process parameters and coagulation bath temperature were optimized. These factors played a role in determining the morphologies of the fabricated films. The thickness of the fabricated ANFs aerogel film ranged from 0.5 to 2 μm, and such thickness could be controlled by manipulating the concentration of the ANFs solution and the coagulation bath temperature. The cross-sectional analysis of the ANFs films reveals the presence of intricate three-dimensional network structures. The as-fabricated samples exhibit notable characteristics of ANFs aerogel films, including a specific surface area of 52.73 m2 g-1, a porosity of 92.43% and a pore size of 7.92 nm. Additionally, the integrated performance of these aerogel films was evaluated, demonstrating their exceptional transparency. Within the visible range of 500-780 nm, the transmittance of these films exceeds 70%, with the highest transmittance reaching 90.70 %. Notably, the ANFs aerogel films exhibit an almost negligible UV transmittance rate, approaching 0%, indicating dramatic UV resistance. The ANFs aerogel films demonstrate remarkable thermal insulation capacities, as evidenced by a temperature difference of 28 ℃ between a heat source (120 ℃) and the surface of the four-layer ANFs aerogel films (with a single layer thickness of 1.36 μm). Furthermore, these films exhibit favorable thermal stability with a minimum decomposition temperature (Td) of 450℃. Additionally, the films exhibit exceptional flexibility and conformability. 
This paper presents the construction of aerogel films with integrated performance, utilizing exfoliated ANFs derived from aramid fiber wastes. This approach enables the efficient utilization of aramid waste resources. The research employs rigorous evaluation methods to provide valuable insights into the formation of aerogel films. The obtained results serve as reference for the design, development, continuous and batch production, and utilization of desirable ANFs aerogel films.


Optimization of the preparation technology of jute/viscose/waterborne polyurethane packaging materials

WU Liujun, CHEN Weixiang, XIE Limei, ZHOU Yingchun, ZHANG Bin, YU Chongwen

2024, 32(9):  65-72. 

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Plastic, with its light weight, high strength and corrosion resistance, is widely used in aerospace, military, agriculture, industry and daily life. At present, most plastic bags commonly used in the market are made of polyethylene, and their wastes are difficult to degrade and pollute the environment, which will affect human health. Therefore, it is an important research direction to explore packaging materials with simple preparation process, low production cost and biodegradability to replace plastic bags.
This study mainly explored the preparation technology and performance test of packaging materials. Biodegradable jute noil fiber and viscose were mixed and carded into a net. After needling, water-based polyurethane powder was evenly spread on the mixed fiber net of needled jute and viscose, and then hot-pressed to prepare jute/viscose/water-based polyurethane packaging materials, and the performance test and process optimization were carried out.
Firstly, the effects of different mixing ratios of raw materials and gram weight on the mechanical properties of packaging materials were explored. The results show that the breaking strength of the material is the highest when the weight is similar and the ratio of jute/viscose/waterborne polyurethane is 30:50:20. Under the same gram weight, the influence of the change of the ratio of viscose to waterborne polyurethane on the tensile properties of the samples with a certain jute fiber content was compared. The results show that the breaking strength of the material is the highest when the ratio of jute/viscose/waterborne polyurethane is 40:35:25. With the increase of the proportion of waterborne polyurethane, the breaking strength of the samples increases gradually. It shows that waterborne polyurethane can improve the tensile properties of materials in a certain range.
Secondly, the influence of hot pressing process parameters on the properties of jute/viscose/waterborne polyurethane packaging materials was studied. The results show that the strength of packaging materials first increases and then decreases with the increase of hot pressing temperature, and the breaking strength of materials is the highest when the hot pressing temperature is 160℃. The breaking strength of the material increases with the increase of hot pressing time, and the breaking strength is the highest when the hot pressing time is 30℃. With the gradual increase of pressure, the breaking strength of the material increases gradually, and the breaking strength is the highest when the pressure of the material is 5 MPa.
Finally, the orthogonal test method was used to explore the optimal process scheme of hot pressing process parameters. The results show that under the conditions of weight of 105 g/m2 and raw material mixing ratio of 40:40:20 of jute, viscose and waterborne polyurethane, the comprehensive optimal hot pressing process parameters of nonwoven packaging materials are as follows: a hot pressing temperature of 160℃, a hot pressing time of 20 s and a pressure of 5 MPa. The mechanical properties of nonwoven packaging materials prepared under the above process parameters are as follows: the longitudinal and transverse breaking strength are 126.0 and 82.6 N, respectively, which can meet the requirements of mechanical properties of packaging bags.
In the future, degradable packaging materials will seek more long-term development in the fields of production technology and technical intelligence. The research results can provide reference for the development and utilization of degradable packaging materials.


Preparation and oil absorption performance evaluation of kapok/cotton hydroentangled nonwovens

JIA Xueru , WEN Run , CUI Yunhua , LI Na

2024, 32(9):  73-82. 

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The secretion of facial oil in the human body is increasing, while the existing facial tissues on the market are mostly made of flax pulp and polypropylene materials, and have the shortcomings of non-skin-friendliness, poor oil absorption effect and refractory degradation. This paper aimed to make full use of the large and medium cavity and natural skin-friendly characteristics of kapok, and to prepare green oil-absorbing facial tissues with excellent oil-absorbing performance via hydroentanglement by blending with cotton fibers.
Firstly, the kapok and cotton fibers were prepared by the carding machine to prepare the fiber web in different proportions (010, 37, 55, 73, 100). Then, the hydroentangled nonwovens were prepared by the front and back and three-way hydroentangled process with increasing pressure sequentially. The surface morphology and pore size distribution of the nonwovens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and porous material analysis instrument. and the surface wettability of the nonwovens was analyzed by optical contact angle measuring instrument. Finally, the oil absorption and instantaneous adsorption properties of the nonwovens were also tested and characterized. A polarizing microscope was used to observe the morphological characteristics of the fiber after absorbing oil, and a comparative analysis was conducted with the oil-absorbing performance of existing oil-absorbing facial tissues on the market.
As can be seen from the scanning electron microscope, cotton fibers and kapok fibers are evenly distributed in the nonwoven, and mechanical hydroentanglement will not destroy the large and medium cavity structure of kapok, which provides a good structural basis for its oil absorption. When the ratio of kapok to cotton is 7:3, the pore size of the nonwovens ranges from 0–60.87 μm, and its average pore size is the smallest (25.92 μm). Furthermore, the pore size distribution curve has obvious peaks, and the overall pore size distribution is relatively uniform. The contact angle between the five nonwovens and deionized water is greater than 130°, and the contact angle with GTCC oil is less than 70°, indicating good hydrophobic lipophilicity. This can ensure that only grease is adsorbed and not contaminated with water during use. The comparison sample 6# shows the characteristics of oil and water amphipathicity. In addition, the addition of kapok can significantly improve the oil absorption rate and oil retention rate of the nonwovens. When the ratio of kapok to cotton is 7:3, the nonwoven has the highest oil absorption rate (31.38 g/g) and the highest oil retention rate (94.69%). The oil droplets will not only adhere to the surface of the fiber, but also produce a wicking effect in the space between the fibers, and a small part of the oil droplets will penetrate into the cavity of the fiber, showing a dual-scale oil adsorption behavior between the cavity and the pores between the fibers. The adsorption rate of added kapok (3#, 4#, 5#) is greater than that of unadded kapok (1#). When the content of kapok is greater than 30%, the average adsorption rate within 0.5 s is greater than 1.000 g/s, and when the mixing ratio of kapok to cotton is 55, the average adsorption rate within 0.5 s is the largest (1.569 g/s). The average adsorption rates of comparative samples 6# and 7# within 0.5s are only 0.263 g/s and 0.268 g/s.
Kapok fibers and cotton fibers are blended to prepare hydroentangled nonwovens, and cotton fibers are evenly distributed in the nonwovens as a supporting structure. With the increase of kapok content, the average pore size shows a downward trend and the pore size distribution tends to be increasingly uniform, which greatly improves the oil absorption capacity of nonwovens under the premise of ensuring skin-friendliness and green degradability. At the same time, the nonwovens also have good oil and water selectivity and instant adsorption performance, which can ensure that they only absorb human facial oil and do not absorb facial moisture during use, avoiding skin dryness. This work provides a reliable method for the subsequent development of new oil-absorbing facial tissues, and provides certain reference significance in expanding the application field of kapok.


tudy on the sleep comfort of quilts in a winter heating room environment

ZHAI Ruotong, SHI Tingting, SONG Haibo, LU Yehu, YIN Lanjun

2024, 32(9):  83-90. 

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The study, with sleep quality, thermal and moisture comfort, and subjective assessments as the key evaluation indicators, aimed to assess and compare the sleep comfort provided by different types of quilts in a winter heating room environment, so as to provide reference for exploring how different quilts affect human sleep comfort and to facilitate the scientific selection of quilts in various environments. 
This paper analyzed the differences in quilt sleep comfort through human trial tests. Five types of quilts, namely gauze quilts with cotton padding, down quilts, silk quilts, chemical fiber quilts and wool quilts, were selected in a climate chamber simulating a winter heating room environment (20°C, 40%), and subjects' subjective assessments of thermal and moisture comfort, as well as sleep quality, were collected by using polysomnography and temperature and humidity sensors, which were used to characterize sleep quality, mean skin temperature, shoulder and waist humidity and heart rate during sleep with the different quilts.
    The filling materials of quilts had a significant effect on the measured sleep quality (p＜0.1), for instance, the gauze quilts with cotton padding exhibited the highest sleep efficiency, which was significantly greater than that of the down quilts (p＜0.05), and the gauze quilts with cotton padding ranked second only to the chemical fiber quilts in terms of deep sleep duration, accounting for 28.63% of the total time in bed. Furthermore, the chemical fiber quilts were significantly better than the silk quilts in terms of deep sleep duration. The sleep quality results indicated that the gauze quilts with cotton padding and chemical fiber quilts provided the best sleep quality, followed by the wool quilts and the down quilts, and the silk quilts were the lowest. The quilt filling material had little effect on thermal and moisture comfort property and all five quilts performed well. To be specific, the gauze quilts with cotton padding had the best thermal and moisture comfort, the wool quilts showed the greatest thermal resistance and provided the best thermal insulating property. The gauze quilts with cotton padding had a higher percentage of low frequency heart rate and better sleep performance. The subjective thermal and moisture sensation ratings were all close to comfort, locating in the slightly cool range, especially for the silk quilts, whereas that for the wool quilts was between neutral and slightly warm. All five quilts were rated as comfortable, with the chemical fiber and wool quilts receiving the highest comfort ratings (both rated 0). For the ease of falling asleep and sleep satisfaction, the silk quilts were better than the others and less likely to wake up, followed by the gauze quilts with cotton padding, and the down quilts were the worst. In addition, the gauze quilts with cotton padding were the best in terms of being refreshed after sleep, and the silk quilts were the worst.
    The chemical fiber quilts show the longest deep sleep duration, the highest sleep efficiency and the best sleep performance, the gauze quilts with cotton padding have the highest sleep efficiency, the second longest deep sleep and also achieve better sleep quality, the wool quilts have the highest thermal resistance to provide good warmth and the best thermal and moisture comfort, but are thicker and have a poorer fit, the silk quilts have the worst sleep quality and the lowest proportion of deep sleep, and the down quilts provide a better sleep performance. In summary, in a winter heating room, chemical fiber quilts or gauze quilts with cotton padding can lead to better sleep performance. If the indoor temperature is slightly lower than this simulated environment, wool quilts can provide good thermal and moisture comfort during the night. Therefore, it is recommended to select quilts with higher thermal insulation and improved breathability to ensure optimal sleep quality..


Calculation and assessment of carbon footprint in silk scarf products based on modularization of workshop sections

ZHANG Jiayi a, XU Wenqiang , LI Xin , WANG Laili , WU Xiongying a, , DING Xuemei a

2024, 32(9):  91-98. 

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Most of the current studies focus on the carbon footprint of raw materials or semi-finished products, and do not specifically study consumer-oriented products. Therefore, enterprises lack a basis for comparison in terms of product design and supply chain integration. 
To help silk enterprises quickly and clearly understand the potential for emission reduction in production, and to promote the green and low-carbon development of the whole industrial chain, this paper,based on the method of modular carbon footprint accounting of workshop sections, calculates and assesses the industrial carbon footprint of two types of mulberry silk scarves (twill fabric 88×88 cm and crepe satin fabric 51×51 cm) under two silk reeling processes (from silk reeling enterprises 1 and 2), and analyzes the impact of product style and processing technology on the product carbon footprint results. 
The results show that the carbon footprint of silk twill scarf products under the first silk reeling process is 12.02 kgCO2e/piece, while that under the second silk reeling process is 11.58 kgCO2e/piece. The carbon footprint of silk crepe satin scarf product under the first silk reeling process is 5.43 kgCO2e/piece, while that under the second silk reeling process is 5.28 kgCO2e/piece. The carbon footprint of the product using the second silk reeling process is 96.31%–97.27% of that using the first silk reeling process, and the difference is due to raw material consumption and suppliers' energy structure. The carbon footprint contribution of the printing section of the two silk scarf products is the largest, accounting for approximately 43.76%–54.87% of the products' carbon footprint. The carbon footprint contribution of the packaging section of the crepe satin silk scarf product exceeds that of the silk reeling section, second only to the printing section. The reason is that the crepe satin silk scarf is smaller, and it consumes more packaging materials than the twill silk scarf under the same weight. Steam is the largest source of carbon footprint for the two scarf products, accounting for approximately 44% to 55% of the products' carbon footprint. 
Suggestions for reducing the carbon footprint of the silk product industrial process are as follows. First, silk reeling enterprises can tap into the potential for carbon reduction in terms of raw material consumption and energy structure. For example, they can improve product design and production process and reduce product carbon footprint by reducing raw material usage or increasing yield on the premise of ensuring product performance. Second, silk product processing enterprises can take measures such as simplifying product packaging, and building a green supply chain to recycle packaging materials, so as to effectively reduce the carbon footprint of their products.  
The calculation and assessment method based on modularization of workshop sections can be used to quickly calculate the carbon footprint of similar products, analyze the impact of style and process differences on the carbon footprint of silk products, and provide a basis for carbon reduction in product design stage and supply chain.


Fabric fault detecting algorithm based on a parallel stacking model

ZHOU Xingya, SUN Hongrui, SONG Rong, XIAKEER Saitaer

2024, 32(9):  99-107. 

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China’s current textile and clothing exports exceed one-third of the world’s proportion, ranking first in the world, so the development of textile enterprises is particularly important. But in the process of production, textiles are easily affected by environmental factors, equipment defects, human errors, poor technology, shortage of raw materials and other problems, resulting in skips, holes, water stains and other defects that affect product quality, and at present, as for the fabric defect detection link of most enterprises, manual visual inspection method with high cost and low efficiency is adopted, which causes worker fatigue and is easy to produce missed detection and false detection. Therefore, the research on intelligent fabric defect detection technology can effectively improve the production efficiency of textile enterprises, improve detection accuracy, and reduce production costs.
Compared with the traditional defect detection algorithm applied to fabrics, the detection method based on deep learning has better adaptability and learning. To solve the problems of low accuracy, high missed detection rate, slow training speed and difficult convergence of the model in traditional enterprise applications, based on the YOLOv7 algorithm with the latest Extended-ELAN architecture, the DCCSPC parallel stacking module was designed by using the cavity convolution with different parameter values, the SPPCSC spatial pyramid pooling layer was improved, and the local and overall characteristic information of fabric defects was deeply integrated. The top-down feature extraction network of the model was selected from the bottom of the feature extraction network, the feature matrix generated by the first ELAN module was spliced after 2-fold upsampling, a higher predicted feature map of 160×160×255 size was output, and the small defects of fabrics with a width and height of only more than four pixels were predicted. To solve the problem of slow convergence caused by increasing the number of model parameters, the CIoU loss function was replaced with the WIoU loss function, solving the problem of high missed detection rate of special samples (samples with aspect ratios inconsistent with most samples), and improving the convergence speed of the model. On this basis, 2,438 fabric defect image production datasets from the platform of Alibaba Tianchi were selected, and through ablation tests and comparative experiments with other detection algorithms, it was shown that the improved model could effectively detect hair defects with a lower proportion of pixels, predict defects such as dead wrinkles in thin strips, improve the recognition rate of water stains and other color and background defects, and increase the average accuracy value by 3.4%, which can meet the conditions of industrial-grade deployment and real-time detection, and be more effectively applied to intelligent defect detection in industrial production.    
Through the specific characteristics of fabric defect types, the YOLOv7 algorithm based on deep learning is used to improve the detection accuracy of specific defects and small defects, which provides an effective method for the detection of defects in intelligent production of textile enterprises, improves the detection quality, and provides an effective idea for further research on the defect detection algorithm.


Design modeling and simulation of parallel beating-up mechanism used for carbon fiber multilayer three-dimensional fabrics

QIU Haifei, YAN Rui'an

2024, 32(9):  108-116. 

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Multiple weft yarns are arranged in shuttles at different heights during the formation of three-dimensional carbon fiber fabrics. To ensure that each layer of weft yarns can withstand a uniform beating-up force, the reed must move horizontally in the front dead center, simultaneously feeding each layer of weft yarn into the weaving mouth. Traditional beating-up methods, such as linkage and conjugate cam mechanisms, cannot meet the requirements of multi-layer three-dimensional fabric weaving technology because they can only achieve circular arc trajectory movement of the reed. To solve the problem of uniform force on each layer of weft yarns in three-dimensional fabrics, this paper proposed a parallel beating-up mechanism composed of a conjugate cam and a planar linkage.
In this paper, through an analysis of the form and mechanism principle of beating-up, a modified trapezoidal acceleration motion law was applied to the parallel beating-up of a reed. A reverse design program was compiled in the Matlab environment for the swing arm motion law and the conjugate cam theoretical profile. The Step function was used to simulate the beating-up resistance caused by multi-layer three-dimensional fabrics, and a functional prototype simulation model of the parallel beating-up system was constructed by Adams/View software. The kinematic and dynamic performance of the system were simulated and analyzed, taking into account factors such as beating-up resistance, contact collision, and conjugate clearance. A parallel beating-up mechanism suitable for multi-layer three-dimensional fabrics was developed by effectively connecting conjugate cam and planar linkages through mechanism combination. A calculation method and simulation idea for the beating-up resistance of multi-layer three-dimensional fabrics were also proposed. It is found that near the front dead center, the angular acceleration of the rocker shaft reaches its maximum, and the reed undergoes stable horizontal motion along the X direction, which can well meet the requirements of parallel beating-up technology. Due to conjugate clearance, high-frequency collisions between the main and auxiliary cams and rollers can cause mechanical vibration, adversely affecting the dynamic accuracy of parallel beating-up. 
The new beating-up mechanism has good process applicability and practical application prospects. It provides technical ideas for the design innovation of parallel beating-up for multi-layer three-dimensional fabrics made of carbon fibers.


A consistent constrained dictionary model based on VBEM for fabric image reconstruction

CHEN Yingrou, LÜ Wentao, YU Runze, GUO Qing, XU Yuzhen

2024, 32(9):  117-126. 

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With the culmination of digital transformation, the textile industry, as an important component of the manufacturing sector, is gradually moving towards the field of intelligent manufacturing. By introducing advanced digital technologies and automation systems, the textile industry can achieve high efficiency and precision in the production process. The application of automation equipment and robots can reduce human errors and labor costs while improving production efficiency. With continuous technological advancements and changing market demands, the textile industry is facing numerous challenges and opportunities. The advent of big data has led to a significant increase in data volume, which poses a significant burden on intelligent manufacturing. Additionally, the increased volume of image data in particular can lead to compression distortion during the transmission process. To address this, compressing images using sparse representation technology can avoid wastage of resources during transmission. Sparse reconstruction, as the inverse problem of sparse representation, is crucial for accurately restoring the sparse-represented image data without losing the original information.
To enhance the core competitiveness of the textile industry, this paper proposed a VBEM (variational Bayesian expectation maximization)-based consistent constrained dictionary (CCD-VBEM) model for fabric image reconstruction. It addressed the problem of decreased reconstruction performance caused by strong inter-column consistency in traditional sparse Bayesian algorithms. Considering the real-world application scenarios of fabric images, a multi-layer prior sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) model was adopted for modeling, and the VBEM method was used to approximate the posterior distribution. This resulted in the construction of the SBL-VBEM model. However, the reconstruction results of the SBL-VBEM model are still affected by the coherence of the dictionary matrix. To improve the reconstruction results, this paper reduced the inter-column consistency of the dictionary matrix.
To achieve this goal, the paper first obtained a shrinkage factor using the topological structure of the sigmoid function. With the shrinkage factor, the neighborhood interval of the largest off-diagonal entry in the dictionary matrix can be reduced at each iteration of obtaining the consistent constrained dictionary. This effectively reduces the inter-column consistency, thereby improving the quality of the reconstruction results. Finally, the obtained consistent constrained dictionary was used as input for the SBL-VBEM model to reconstruct fabric images more effectively. The effectiveness of this approach was validated on the Alibaba Cloud Tianchi dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the CCD-VBEM method achieves optimal performance in reconstructing fabric images at different sampling rates (0.20–0.40), showcasing the potential of the algorithm in the field of fabric image reconstruction.


A fashion style image classification method integrating transfer learning and ensemble learning

YOU Xiaoronga, LI Shufangb

2024, 32(9):  127-133. 

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The fashion industry plays an important role in the global economy, and its GDP scale shows a growing trend, currently accounting for approximately 2% of the global GDP. Fashion style classification can help consumers better understand and choose fashion products that suit their preferences, making it easier for them to find the styles and brands they are interested in. At the same time, fashion style classification also plays an important role in fashion research and design, providing inspiration and reference for designers. In addition, for fashion brand companies and retailers, the precise classification of fashion styles helps to better understand market demand and consumer preferences, thereby adjusting product categories and promotion strategies. Manual fashion style classification has the characteristics of subjectivity, diversity, variability and regionality, which can easily lead to errors in classification results. Therefore, it is important to improve the objectivity and accuracy of classification by using technical means, such as artificial intelligence. 
In response to the above problems, this paper studied a fashion style image classification method that combines transfer learning and ensemble learning. Firstly, based on the FashionStyle14 data set, duplicate or invalid images were filtered out to construct a fashion style image data set. Secondly, pre-trained models such as EfficientNet V2, RegNet Y 16GF and ViT Large 16 were used for fine-tuning training to generate new models to achieve fashion style image classification with a single deep learning model. Thirdly, the new model was tested and its classification performance was evaluated according to the evaluation indicators, and a good deep learning model was selected. Fourthly, an ensemble learning method based on voting, weighted integration and stacking was built to perform combined predictions on the above models, so as to improve the generalization ability and stability of the model. Finally, the ensemble learning method with the best performance was selected to classify fashion styles. By using the above method, not only advanced algorithms were applied in artificial intelligence to fashion style classification, but also the effectiveness of the method in classifying various fashion styles was verified, and some similar fashion styles were discovered, which provided data support for further refinement of fashion style classification. It is found that compared with the deep learning model based on a traditional convolutional neural network, the deep learning model based on the self-attention mechanism shows better recognition ability in fashion style image classification and recognition; compared with a single model, the commonly used integrated learning method can effectively improve the accuracy of fashion style image classification and recognition; the three styles of femininity, girly style and maiden style are similar, and it is easy to confuse between rock style and street style; cross-domain images are more likely to lead to recognition failure of fashion style images.
In future research work, similar styles can be analyzed more deeply based on methods such as fashion attributes to improve the performance and classification accuracy of the model. In addition, in-depth research on cross-domain fashion style image classification and recognition issues is needed to explore more effective solutions.